OUTLINES  AND  STUDIES 


TO  ACCOMPANY 


MYERS'  ANCIENT  HISTORY 


A  STUDENTS'  NOTEBOOK 
WITH  OUTLINE  MAPS 


BY 


FLORENCE  E.  LEADBETTER 


GINN  AND  COMPANY 

BOSTON  •  NEW  YORK  •  CHICAGO  •  LONDON 


GIFT    OF 
JANE  K.SATHER 


OUTLINES  AND  STUDIES 


TO  ACCOMPANY 


MYERS'  ANCIENT   HISTORY 


A   STUDENTS"  NOTEBOOK 
WITH  OUTLINE  MAPS 


BY 

FLORENCE  E.  LEADBETTER 

ROXBURY  HIGH  SCHOOL,  BOSTON 


GINN  &  COMPANY 

BOSTON  •  NEW  YORK  •  CHICAGO  •  LONDON 


-U 


COPYRIGHT,  1905 
BY  GINN  &  COMPANY 


ALL    RIGHTS    RESERVED 


SM-7 


gfrc   gtftenaum 

GINN  &  COMPANY  •  PRO- 
PRIETORS •  BOSTON  •  U.S.A. 


To  the  glory  that  was  Greece 

And  the  grandeur  that  was  Rome.  —  Poe. 

Grecian  history  is  a  poem, 

Latin  history  is  a  picture, 

Modern  history  a  chronicle.  —  Chateaubriand, 

Greece  —  that  point  of  light  in  history  !  —  Hegel. 

We  are  all  Greeks.  Our  laws,  our  literature,  our  religion,  our  art,  have  their  roots 
in  Greece.  —  Shelley. 

O  Rome  !  my  country !  city  of  the  soul !  —  Byron. 

The  center  of  our  studies,  the  goal  of  our  thoughts,  the  point  to  which  all  paths 
lead  and  the  point  from  which  all  paths  start  again,  is  to  be  found  in  Rome  and 
her  abiding  power.  —  Freeman. 

I  doubt  not  other  lands  shall  finer  mould 

The  bronze  until  it  breathe,  or  marble  cut 

To  lineaments  that  live,  or  better  plead 

A  cause,  or  with  the  rod  the  astronomy 

Of  heaven  describe  and  name  the  rising  stars ; 

But,  son  of  Rome,  remember  it  is  thine 

To  stretch  thy  empire  o'er  the  human  race. 

This  be  thy  aim  —  to  dictate  terms  of  peace, 

The  vanquished  spare,  but  bring  the  haughty  low.  —  Vergil  (Long). 

If  the  Greek  was  to  enlighten  the  world,  if  the  Roman  was  to  rule  the  world,  if 
the  Teuton  was  to  be  the  common  disciple  and  emissary  of  both,  it  was  from  the 
Hebrew  that  all  were  to  learn  the  things  that  belong  to  another  world.  —  Freeman. 


I  am  not  here  to  teach  you  history.  .  .  ,  I  am  here  to  teach  you  how  to 
teach  yourselves  history.  I  will  give  you  the  scaffolding  as  well  as  I  can ; 
you  must  build  the  house.  —  Kingsley. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

INTRODUCTION 2 

THE  EASTERN  NATIONS 

Ancient  Egypt 3 

The  Empires  of  the  Tigris-Euphrates  Valley 5 

The  Hebrews 7 

The  Phoenicians 8 

The  Median  and  Persian  Empires 9 

Review  of  the  Oriental  Nations lo 

GREECE 

The  Geography  of  Hellas .11 

Outline  of  Greek  History 13 

Prehistoric  Greece 14 

The  Age  of  Greek  Colonization 17 

The  Age  of  the  Tyrants 17 

The  Growth  of  Sparta 19 

The  Growth  of  Athens 2i 

The  Growth  of  Hellenic  Unity 23 

The  Foreign  Wars 25 

The  Leadership  of  Athens 27 

The  Age  of  Pericles 29 

The  Peloponnesian  War 30 

The  New  Learning     .............  32 

The  Leadership  of  Sparta  and  Thebes 33 

The  Greeks  of  Western  Hellas 36 

The  Rise  of  Macedonia " 37 

Alexander's  Empire  and  the  Graeco-Oriental  World 38 

Review  Studies 40 

ROME 

Italy  and  its  Early  Inhabitants  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         -41 

Outline  of  Roman  History       ......         ......  43 

Rome  under  the  Kings        ............  44 

The  Struggle  of  the  Classes 46 

The  Conquest  and  Unification  of  Italy 48 

The  Conquest  of  the  Mediterranean 50 

The  Last  Century  of  the  Republic 53 

The  First  Century  of  the  Empire 58 

The  Second  Century  of  the  Empire 60 

The  Third  and  Fourth  Centuries  of  the  Empire 62 

The  Last  Century  of  the  Empire  in  the  West      ........  64 

The  Transition  Age 66 

Review  Studies 68 

v 


436938 


OUTLINE   MAPS 

PAGE 

The  Orient 2 

The  Orient 10 

The  Mediterranean  Basin  .          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .          .11 

Greece  and  Asia  Minor [6 

Greek  Colonization 18 

The  Persian  Wars 26 

The  Peloponnesian  War 30 

Alexander's  Empire  ..............     39 

The  Mediterranean  Basin  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  41 

Italy,  Geography  of  .          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .          .         .42 

Italy,  Roman  Conquest      .............     49 

The  Mediterranean,  Roman  Conquest         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         •     52 

The  Mediterranean,  Caesar's  March    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         •     5^ 

The  Roman  Empire,  First  and  Second  Centuries         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .61 

The  Roman  Empire,  Third  and  Fourth  Centuries        ........     63 

The  Roman  Empire,  Barbarian  Kingdoms  .........     67 


OUTLINES  AND   STUDIES 


IN 


ANCIENT   HISTORY 


Introduction 

I.   HISTORY  AND  THE  USES  OF  HISTORY. 
II.  PREHISTORIC  MAN. 

1.  Sources  of  information. 

2.  Progress  through  the  Stone  and  Metal  Ages. 

3.  Discoveries  and  achievements. 

III.  HISTORIC  PEOPLES. 

1.  Original  homes. 

2.  Expansion. 

IV.  SCOPE  AND  LIMITATIONS  OF  ANCIENT  HISTORY. 

1.  What  is  history  ?    What  is  the  use  of  studying  history  ? 

2.  What  do  we  mean  by  prehistoric  times  ?    Show  how  the  Prehistoric  Age  varies 
in  time  in  different  parts  of  the  earth. 

3.  Describe  the  life  of  prehistoric  man  in  the  Stone  Age.    How  do  we  get  our 
information  ? 

4.  Why  may  the  history  of  metals  be  called  the  history  of  civilization  ? 

5.  What  do  you  know  of  the  discovery  and  early  use  of  metals  ? 

6.  What  important  discoveries  and  achievements  mark  the  progress  of  prehistoric 
man  ? 

7.  How  much  do  we  as  heirs  of  all  the  ages  owe  to  prehistoric  man  ? 

8.  Why  is  the  boundary  line  between  prehistoric  and  historic  times  being  constantly 
pushed  back  ? 

9.  Which  of  the  races  of  mankind  includes  the  historic  peoples  ? 

10.  Make  a  table  of  the  Caucasian  race  showing  the  chief  peoples  of  each  of  the 
three  groups. 

11.  We  are  told  that  "the  theme  of  history  is  the  rise  and  progress  of  civilization." 
When  may  a  people  be  regarded  as  civilized  ? 

12.  Where  do  we  find  the  earliest  civilized  nations  ?    Why  did  they  arise  there  ? 

13.  Show  the  direction  of  the  progress  of  civilization  from  these  early  centers. 

14.  To  which  nations  is  the  field  of  ancient  history  limited  ? 

15.  What  are  the  limits  of  ancient  history  in  time  ?  in  area  ? 

1 6.  Define:  primitive,  millennium,  Caucasian,  Aryan,  epoch,  Age  of  Bronze. 

17.  Indicate  on  a  map  of  the  ancient  world  the  areas  occupied  by  the  Hamites, 
Semites,  and  Aryans. 


Ancient  Egypt  (5ooo(?)-3o  B.C.) 

I.  THE  LAND  :  valley  of  the  Nile. 

1.  Upper  and  Lower  Egypt. 

2.  Climate  and  productions. 

II.  THE  PEOPLE. 

1.  Aborigines  and  immigrants. 

2.  Life  in  prehistoric  times. 

III.  POLITICAL  HISTORY. 

i.  Pharaohs  at  Memphis. 

a.  First  dynasty  ;   Menes. 

b.  Fourth  dynasty  ;  pyramid  kings. 

.2.  Pharaohs  at  Thebes. 

a.  Twelfth  dynasty  ;  Golden  Age. 

b.  Hyksos  invasion  ;  dark  ages. 

c.  Eighteenth  and  nineteenth  dynasties. 

(1)  Thothmes  III,  Seti  I,  Rameses  II. 

(2)  Height  of  the  Empire    (about  1400  E.G.). 

3.  Decline  of  the  Empire. 

a.  Internal  dissension  and  emigration. 

b.  Subject  to  Ethiopia  and  to  Assyria. 

c.  Twenty-sixth  dynasty  at  Sais  (663-525  B.C.). 

(1)  Psammetichus  and  the  Greeks. 

(2)  Necho  ;  new  enterprises. 

(3)  Tributary  to  Babylon. 

d.  Persian  conquest  (525  B.C.). 

e.  Conquest  of  Alexander  and  Greek  rule  (332-30  B.C.). 

IV.  CIVILIZATION. 

1.  Classes  of  the  people:  life  and  condition. 

2.  Language  and  literature :  Rosetta  Stone. 

3.  Religion  and  morals. 

4.  Arts  and  sciences. 

V.  GIFTS  TO  EUROPEAN  CIVILIZATION. 


Studies  on  Ancient  Egypt 

1.  Why  does  Herodotus  call  Egypt  "the  gift  of  the  Nile  "  ? 

2.  What  physical  conditions  in  Egypt  made  an  early  civilization  possible  ? 

3.  How  did  the  Nile  affect  political  conditions  in  Egypt  ? 

4.  What  was  the  greatest  service  of  Egypt  to  the  ancient  world  ? 

5.  How  is  our  knowledge  of  the  history  of  Egypt  affected  by  its  climate  ? 

6.  Write  a  story  which  will  show  the  value  of  the  date  palm  to  a  family  in  the  East. 

7.  What  do  we  know  of  life  in  Egypt  before  the  time  of  Menes  ? 

8.  Are  we  sure  that  Menes  is  not  a  mythical  king  ?    What  works  were  ascribed  to 
him  ? 

9.  Compare  the  Great  Pyramid  with  some  monument  or  building  you  have  seen. 

i  o.   What  do  the  works  of  the  kings  of  the  twelfth  dynasty  tell  us  about  their  character  ? 

11.  Show  good  and  evil  results  of  the  Hyksos  invasion. 

12.  When  was  the  Egyptian  Empire  at  its  greatest  extent  ? 

13.  What  light  does  the  treaty  of  Rameses  II  with  the  Hittite  king  throw  upon 
Egyptian  power  at  that  time  ?    What  is  your  personal  impression  of  Kameses  II  ? 

14.  Give  some  account  of  the  temples  and  tombs  of  the  eighteenth  and  nineteenth 
dynasties. 

15.  Give  reasons  for  the  decline  of  Egyptian  power. 

1 6.  What  did  a  change   of  policy  enable   the  rulers  of   the   twenty-sixth  dynasty 
to  achieve  ? 

17.  Did  Egypt  prosper  as  a  tributary  state?    Compare  the  Persian  conquest  with 
that  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

1 8.  At  what  period  did  Egypt  exercise  most  influence  over  Europe?    Why  is  the 
rule  of  the  Ptolemies  so  renowned  ? 

19.  How  did  the  system  of  land  tenure  affect  the  whole  life  of  the  Egyptians  ? 

20.  Which  were  the  most  favored  classes  ?    What  was  the  ambition  of  the  poor  ? 

21.  What  remains  to  us  of  Egyptian  literature  ?    How  was  its  translation  achieved  ? 

22.  What  principles  of  Egyptian  religion  do  we  find  in  the  religions  of  to-day  ? 

23.  How  can  we  account  for  the  animal  worship  of  the  Egyptians  ? 

24.  Why  did  the  Egyptians  give  so  much  care  to  the  preparation  of  their  tombs  ? 

25.  Give  some  extracts  from  Egyptian  literature  showing  a  monotheistic  spirit. 

26.  What  is  said  of  the  morality  of  the  ancient  Egyptians?    What  equivalent  had 
they  to  the  Ten  Commandments  ? 

27.  Describe  some  industry  of  the  Egyptians,  —  the  making  of  pottery,  paper,  or 
linen. 

28.  When  was  Egyptian  sculpture  at  its  best  ?    What  are  the  characteristics  of  the 
examples  of  Egyptian  sculpture  left  to  us  ? 

29.  In   what  sciences   did    the    Egyptians   make   most  progress  ?    How   was   their 
knowledge  acquired  ? 

30.  What    is    meant  by   the    Egyptian    "War  of   Independence,"   "Golden    Age," 
"  Alexander,"   "  Book  of  the  Dead  "  ? 


Empires  of  the  Tigris-Euphrates  Valley 

x    ^  I.  THE  LAND. 

2.  \\  i.  The  two  rivers,  —  their  influence. 

3.  H  2.   Mesopotamia,  —  "The  Island." 

4.  \\  3.   Climate  and  productions. 

5.  H 

^    ^  II.  THE  PEOPLE. 

7.  \\  i.  Aborigines  and  immigrants. 

8.  A  2.  Character  and  condition. 

hi 

£  III.  POLITICAL  HISTORY. 

10.  \\  i.   Age  of  city-states:  Sargon  of  Agade  (about  3800  B.C.). 

11.  SI  2.   Old  Babylonian  Empire  (2250-728  B.C.). 

I2-  ^  at  Rise  of  Babylon  ;  Hammurabi  and  his  code. 

T3-  W  £   Decline  of  the  Empire. 

3.   Assyrian  Empire  (745-606  B.C.). 

^  #.  Tiglath-Pileser  III,  conqueror  and  organizer. 

r       Q  b.   Sargon  II,  conqueror  and  builder. 

^    ^  <r.  Sennacherib;  expeditions  and  public  works. 

tc  */.  Asshur-bani-pal ;  Golden  Age. 

j. 7    rj  ^  Fall  of  Nineveh  (606  B.C.). 

tl:  4.   New  Babylonian  Empire  (625-538  B.C.). 

J^-  A  #.   Nabopolassar,  founder. 

b.   Nebuchadnezzar,  builder. 

J9-   H  r.   Fall  of  Babylon  (538  B.C.). 

20.  V( 

21.  ^  IV.   CIVILIZATION. 

i.  Arts  and  sciences. 

2 3-  I  2.   Literature  and  law. 

24-  ^  3.   Religion  and  morality. 

25.  G 

26.  \\  V.  GIFTS  TO  EUROPEAN  CIVILIZATION. 
tl 

27.  E 
li 

28.  V 
e: 

29.  I 
k 

30.  V 


Studies  on  the  Empires  of  the  Tigris-Euphrates  Valley 

1.  In  what  respects  is  the  Tigris-Euphrates  valley  like  or  unlike  the  Nile  valley  ? 

2.  Compare  the  natural  features  of  the  upper  Tigris-Euphrates  valley  with  those  of 
the  lower. 

3.  What  correspondence  do  we  find  between  the  character  of  the  people  and  their 
environment,  both  in  the  north  and  in  the  south  ? 

4.  Describe  the  fertility  of  the  lower  valley  according  to  Herodotus. 

5.  What  advantages  of  position  led  Assyria  to  conquest  and  wealth  ? 

6.  Contrast  the  appearance  of  the  valley  to-day  with  that  of  four  thousand  years 
ago. 

7.  Show  the  similarity  in  the  origin  and  development  of  the  historic  peoples  of  the 
Nile  and  the  Tigris-Euphrates. 

8.  Which  city-states  of  the  lower  valley  can  you  a'ssociate  with  interesting  events  ? 

9.  How  did  Hammurabi  become  the  founder  of  the  Babylonian  Empire  ? 

10.  Give   some   quotations   from   Hammurabi's  code  which   show  a  high   ideal   of 
justice. 

11.  Show  the  extent  of  the  commercial  relations  of  the  Babylonians  about  1700  B.C. 
What  were  their  exports  ? 

12.  Give  reasons  for  the  decline  of  the  Babylonian  Empire. 

13.  What  characteristics  of  the  Assyrians  account  for  their  great  power  ? 

14.  What  new  principles  of  government  did  Tiglath-Pileser  III  carry  into  effect  ? 

15.  What  disaster  to  the  Assyrian  host  is  not  recorded  in  the  annals  of  Sennacherib  ? 

1 6.  Why  are  we  so  well  informed  of  the  doings  of  Sargon  and  Asshur-bani-pal  ? 

17.  How  did  the  Assyrian  Empire  come  to  an  end?    Account  for  the  rapid  rise  of 
Assyrian  power  and  its  still  more  rapid  decline. 

1 8.  Give  a  brief  account  of  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  New  Babylonian  Empire. 

19.  Why  were  the  walls  and  gardens  of  Babylon  placed  among  the  Seven  Wonders  ? 

20.  Tell  the  story  of  Nebuchadnezzar  as  it  is  recorded  in  the  Book  of  Daniel. 

21.  In  what  respects  was  the  civilization  of  Assyria  but  a  copy  of  that  of  Babylonia  ? 

22.  Compare  the   architecture  of  the  north  with   that  of   the  south  in  respect  to 
material,  form,  decoration,  beauty,  originality. 

23.  What  were  the  most  important  contributions  of  the  Babylonians  to  science  ? 

24.  Describe  the  making  of  a  Babylonian  book.    What  literature  has  been  found  ? 

25.  What  great  contrasts  do  the  Egyptian  and  Babylonian  religions  afford  ?    What 
has  been  the  influence  of  the  latter  ? 

26.  How  did   the  Assyrians  differ  from  the   Babylonians  in  character,  education, 
and  influence  ? 

27.  Explain:  tower-temples,  cuneiform,  "the  Romans  of  Asia,"  Rock  of  Behistun, 
astrology,  Creation  Epic,  cylinder  seals,  Tel,  Sumerians,  Accadians. 


The  Hebrews 

I.  THE  LAND  :   Palestine. 
II.  THE  PEOPLE  :   origin  and  character. 

III.  POLITICAL  HISTORY. 

1.  Patriarchal  Age  :  Abraham  (about  2000  B.C.),   Moses,  Joshua. 

a.  Nomadic  life. 

b.  Sojourn  in  Egypt. 

c.  Conquest  of  Canaan. 

2.  Age  of  the  Judges :  Gideon,  Jephthah,  Samson,  Samuel. 

3.  Monarchy  (about  1050  B.C.):   Saul,  David,  Solomon. 

4.  Division  of  the  Kingdom  (953  B.C.),. 

5.  Captivity  of  Israel  (722  B.C.),  of  Judah  (586  B.C.). 

6.  Restoration  (538  B.C.)  :   Priest  rule  to  70  A.D. 

IV.  CIVILIZATION. 

1.  Life  of  the  people. 

2.  Religion  and  literature. 

V.  WORLD  INFLUENCE. 

1.  What  are  the  striking  features  of  the  land  of  Palestine?    Why  was  it  called  "a 
land  flowing  with  milk  and  honey  "  ? 

2.  How  do  you  account  for  the  great  differences  between  the  life  and  character 
of  the  Hebrews  and  that  of  their  kinsmen,  the  Phoenicians  ? 

3.  Where  was  the  original  home  of  the  ancestors  of  the  Hebrews  ?    Why  did  they 
leave  that  land  ? 

4.  How  were  the  Hebrews  prepared  for  their  share  in  the  civilization  of  the  world  ? 

5.  Describe  nomadic  life  as  pictured  in  the  history  of  the  Hebrew  patriarchs. 

6.  What  does  the  story  of  Joseph  show  was  the  great  evil  of  patriarchal  government  ? 
What  light  does  it  throw  upon  the  history  of  Egypt  ? 

7.  What  was  the  training  of  the  great  giver  of  the  Mosaic  Law  ?    Can  you  account 
for  the  similarity  between  the  Mosaic  Law  and  the  code  of  Hammurabi  ? 

8.  Describe  the  Exodus  of  the  Hebrews  "from  the  Egyptian  point  of  view." 

9.  Was  the  conquest  of  Canaan  an  easy  task  ?    Who  is  the  hero  of  this  conquest  ? 

10.  What    wonderful    stories    do    the    expressions,    "Gideon's    men,"    "Jephthah's 
daughter,"  "Samson's  riddle,"  "the  praying  Samuel,"  call  to  mind  ? 

1 1.  Name  the  three  great  Hebrew  kings  and  show  what  each  accomplished. 

12.  What  caused  the  division  of  the  monarchy  ?    What  was  the  result  ? 

13.  How  did  the  captivity  of  Israel  differ  from  the  captivity  of  Judah? 

14.  What  was  the  chief  influence  in  Jewish  life?    Which  class  was  most  influential  ? 

15.  In  what  respects  was  the  religion  of  the  Hebrews  superior  to  any  other  Oriental 
religion  ?    What  were  the  chief  requirements  of  their  moral  code  ? 

1 6.  Why  did  the  Hebrews  make  so  little  progress  in  material  civilization  ? 


The  Phoenicians 

I.  THE  LAND  :  extent  and  character. 
II.  THE  PEOPLE  :  origin  and  traits. 

III.  CITY-STATES  AND  LEAGUES. 

1.  Leadership  of  Tyre  and  Sidon. 

2.  Subjection  to  neighbors. 

IV.  COMMERCE  :  routes  and  colonies. 
V.  MISSION  OF  PHOENICIA. 

1.  Explain   the   saying,    "  Phoenicia   sat   with   winter   on   its   head,   spring   on   its 
shoulders,  autumn  in  its  lap,  and  summer  at  its  feet." 

2.  What  natural  features  of  their  country  led  the  Phoenicians  to  a  maritime  life  ? 

3.  Trace  the  most  important  trade  routes  of  the  Phoenicians.    What  countries  were 
visited  by  them  ? 

4.  Describe  the  Phoenician  mode  of  trading  according  to  Herodotus. 

5.  Where  would  they  find  the  best  markets  for  their  goods  ?    Why  ? 

6.  Name  some  of  the  most  important  Phoenician  colonies. 

7.  Why  did  the  Phoenicians  prefer  to  pay  tribute  rather  than  fight  ? 

8.  What  were  the  relations  between  the  Phoenicians  and   Hebrews  in  Solomon's 
time  ? 

9.  Tell  the  story  of  the  circumnavigation  of  Africa  by  Phoenicians  in  the  service 
of  Egypt. 

10.  What  did  Nebuchadnezzar  and  Alexander  the  Great  have  to  do  with  the  history 
of  Tyre  ? 

11.  When  was  the  prophecy  of  Ezekiel,  "they  shall  destroy  the  walls  of  Tyre,  and 
break  down  her  towers  .  .   .  and  make  her  like  the  top  of  a  rock,"  fulfilled  ? 

12.  What  is  the  legend  of  the  founding  of  Carthage  by  Queen  Dido  ? 

13.  Make   a   list    of    the    occupations    and   industries   of    the    Phoenicians.    Which 
industry  was  especially  their  own  ? 

14.  In  what  works  did  they  prove  their  skill  as  builders  ? 

15.  What  natural  phenomena  did  they  discover  ? 

1 6.  What  connection  is  there  between  the  Phoenicians  and  our  alphabet  ? 

17.  What  is  there  to  say  of  the  literature  and  religion  of  the  Phoenicians  ? 

1 8.  How  did  the  Phoenicians  begin  the  civilization  of  Europe  ? 

19.  Explain:   Canaan,   Tyrian  dye,   cedars   of   Lebanon,    "the   Englishmen    of    the 
ancient  world,"  Pillars  of  Hercules,  Philistines,  factories. 


Median  and  Persian  Empires  (about  625-330  B.C.) 

I.  THE  LAND  :  extent  and  natural  features. 
II.  THE  PEOPLE:  race  and  character. 

III.  POLITICAL  HISTORY. 

1.  Median  Empire:   rise  and  fall. 

2.  Persian  Empire. 

a.  Cyrus,  founder  (558-529  B.C.). 

b.  Cambyses,  conqueror. 

c.  Darius,  organizer  (521-484  B.C.). 

d.  Xerxes,  invader  of  Greece  (484-464  B.C.). 

e.  Decline  and  Fall  (330  B.C.). 

IV.  CIVILIZATION. 

1.  Architecture. 

2.  Religion  and  morals. 

3.  Education  and  literature. 

V.  SERVICES  TO  THE  WORLD. 

1.  When  and  where  do  the  Medes  first  appear  in  history  ? 

2.  What  did  the  Medes  gain  by  the  fall  of  Nineveh  ? 

3.  When   Cyrus  overthrew   the   Median    Empire,  with  what  four   powers  was    he 
brought  into  conflict  ? 

4.  What  enabled  Cyrus  to  make  such  rapid  conquests  ?    Why  may  he  be  said  to 
have  given  "  a  new  and  higher  character  to  Asiatic  history  "  ? 

5.  Give  some  idea  of  the  extent  of  the  Persian  Empire  at  its  height. 

6.  Describe  the  organization  of  the  Empire  by  Darius.    In  what  respects  was  his 
government  in  advance  of  any  other  devised  by  Orientals  ? 

7.  Who  were  the  "  King's  Ears  "  and  the  "  King's  Eyes  "  ? 

8.  How   did   Darius   make   easy   communication   with   all    parts    of   his    kingdom 
possible  ? 

9.  Whence  came  the  material  civilization  of  the  Medes  and  Persians  ? 
10.   From  what  countries  were  the  elements  of  Persian  art  borrowed  ? 

n.   How  is  the  increasing  luxury  and  sensuality  of  the   Persians   shown  in  their 
palaces  ? 

12.  For  what  and  how  was  a  Persian  boy  educated  ? 

13.  What    teachings    of    the    Persian    religion    made    men   courageous,    noble,    and 
virtuous  ? 

14.  Can  you  account  for  the  kind  treatment  of  the  Hebrews  by  the  Persians  ? 

15.  What  caused  the  deterioration  of  Persian  character? 

1 6.  What  were  the  most  important  services  of  the  Persians  to  the  ancient  world? 

17.  Explain:   Zend  A  vesta,   satrapy,   provincial  system,  tributary  state,  Zoroastri- 
anism,  daric. 


Review  of  the  Oriental  Nations 

I.  THE  EGYPTIANS  (ABOUT  5000-30  B.C.). 
II.  BABYLONIANS  AND  ASSYRIANS  (ABOUT  5000-538  B.C.). 

III.  HEBREWS  AND  PHCENICIANS. 

IV.  MEDES  AND  PERSIANS  (ABOUT  850-330  B.C.). 

1.  Where  were  the  two  earliest  centers  of  Oriental  civilization? 

2.  Trace  the  development  of  intercourse  between  these  two  centers. 

3.  What  was  the  fate  of  the  peoples  lying  between  the  Nile  and  Euphrates  ? 

4.  When  was  each  of  the  Oriental  nations  at  the  height  of  its  power? 

5.  At  what  periods  was  there  political  unity  in  the  Orient? 

6.  Why  are  no  dates  fixed  for  the  limits  of  Hebrew  and  Phoenician  power  ? 

7.  Trace    the    principal  trade   route   of   the    Orient.    What   were    the   means   of 
conveyance  ? 

8.  Describe  the  character  of  the  people  of  Syria.    Why  did  they  not  become  a 
great  nation  ? 

9.  Which  nation  was  given  the  task  of  unifying,  extending,  and  defending  eastern 
civilization  ?    Which  nations  were  carriers  of  civilization  to  the  West  ? 

10.  For  what  should  we  be  grateful  to  these  early  peoples  ? 

11.  Which  of  the  Eastern  Nations  gave  the  most  precious  gift  to  the  world? 

12.  In  your  study  of  the  Orient  where  have  you  found  the  first  library?    the  oldest 
book  ?  the  first  diplomatic  document  ?  the  oldest  legal  code  ?  the  first  provincial 
government  ?  the  oldest  true  arch  ?  the  first  coined  money  ? 

13.  What  were  the  chief  characteristics  of  Oriental  civilization,  and  what  its  chief 
faults  ? 

14.  What  are  the  principal  sources  of  our  knowledge  of  the  Oriental  peoples  ? 

15.  Why  is  there  an  especial  interest  in  Oriental  history  at  the  present  time  ? 

1 6.  What  remains  of  Oriental  civilization  have  you  seen? 

17.  Prove  the  truth  of  this  statement:   "To  the  Semites  are  due  the  development 
and  extension  of  political  and  social  institutions  throughout  this  entire  region." 

18.  Commit  to  memory  :    The  history  of   these   peoples  is  important   because  the 
record  and  influence  of  all  their  achievements  have  passed  on  from  the  east  to 
the  west  and  have  entered  into  our  life.     Even  their  errors  and  mistakes,  their 
sin  and   its  punishment,  contain   instructive  lessons  for  ourselves.    What  they 
achieved  of  good  and  abiding  worth  is  in  large  measure  the  source  of  our  higher 
life,  our  science,  our  art,  our  governments,  and  our  religion.  —  Goodspeed. 

19.  On  an  outline  map   locate   the   Oriental  nations  and  two   important   cities   of 
each. 

20.  By  means  of  a  colored  map  indicate  the  greatest  extent  of  the  Egyptian,  Assyr- 
ian, and  Persian  Empires. 


10 


The  Geography  of  Hellas 

I.  THE  MEDITERRANEAN  BASIN. 

1.  Formation. 

2.  Position  of  Greece. 

II.  THE  ^GEAN  BASIN. 

1.  General  character. 

2.  Influence  upon  coast  peoples. 

III.  GREECE  PROPER. 

1.  Characteristic  features. 

a.  Shape  and  size. 

b.  Surface. 

c.  Coast  and  islands. 

2.  Natural  divisions  :  distinctive  features. 

a.  Northern  Greece. 

b.  Central  Greece. 

c.  Peloponnesus. 

3.  Waterways. 

4.  Climate  and  productions. 

5.  Influence  upon  the  Greeks  of  their  environment 

a.  Land  and  sea. 

b.  Climate. 

c.  Scenery. 

IV.  ASIATIC  GREECE  :  general  character. 
V.  WESTERN  GREECE. 

1.  Natural  advantages  of  Sicily. 

2.  Attractions  in  southern  Italy. 


ii 


Studies  on  the  Geography  of  Hellas 

1.  Give  an  account  of  the  formation  of  the  Mediterranean  basin. 

2.  Show  the  advantages  of  the  position  of  Greece  in  the  Mediterranean. 

3.  Where  was  the  scene  of  Greek  history  ? 

*  4.   How  did  the  character  of  the  ^Egean  basin  affect  Greek  life  ? 

5.  Compare  the  eastern  and  western  coasts  of  the  ^Egean. 

6.  Account  for  the  islands  in  the  ^Egean. 

7.  What  difference  would  it  have  made  in  the  life  of  the  Greeks  if  their  land  had 
not  sunk  "till  it  was  half  drowned  in  water"  ? 

8.  What  was  the  "double  effect "  of  the  Gulf  of  Corinth? 

9.  What  would  have  been  the  effect  if  the  Peloponnesus  had  been,  as  now,  an  island  ? 
10.  Suppose  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth  at  the  western  end  of  the  Gulf,  —  what  then  ? 

/  ii.  What  difference  would  you  expect  to  find  between  the  civilization  of  the  coasts 
and  that  of  the  interior  of  Greece  ? 

12.  Compare  the  size  of  Greece  proper  with  that  of  your  own  state. 

13.  What  are  the  most  striking  physical  features  of  Greece  proper? 

14.  Describe  the  land  of  northern  Greece.    Compare  Thessaly  with  Epirus. 

>  15.  Why  do  we  find  so   many  geographical  divisions  in  central  Greece?    Compare 
Attica  with  Bceotia. 

1 6.  Why  were  so  few  towns  of  ancient  Greece  on  the  coast  ? 

17.  What  was  the  effect  of  the  ramification  of  the  mountains  in  the  Peloponnesus? 
Compare  Arcadia  with  Messenia. 

1 8.  Of  what  use  were  the  rivers  and  lakes  of  Greece  ? 

19.  How  did  the  physical  features  of  Greece  affect  the  occupations  of  the  people  ? 

20.  What  were  the  staple  productions  of  Greece?  Were  they  sufficient  in  quantity 
to  support  the  population  ? 

21.  What  sort  of  a  life  did  the  nature  of  the  land  require  of  the  Greeks? 

22.  Did  Asiatic  Greece  offer  greater  advantages  to  settlers  than  Greece  proper? 

23.  What  attracted  colonists  to  Sicily  and  Italy? 

24.  Trace  the  principal  trade  routes  of  the  ancient  Greeks. 

25.  What   are  the  usual  ranges  of  temperature   in    central   Greece  in  winter    and 
summer  ? 

26.  On  an  outline  map  of  the  Mediterranean  basin  locate  all  lands  and  waters 
mentioned  in  the  preceding  studies. 

27.  Write  a  description  of  some  spot  in  Greece  noted  for  its  scenery. 


12 


Outline  of  Greek  History  (to  146  B.C.) 


I.     PREHISTORIC    f^gean  and  Mycenaean  Civilizations. 

AGE  <j  Epic  or  Homeric  Age. 

to  700  B.C.       (^Beginnings  of  States  and  Leagues. 

II.      EXPANSION      f  Colonization  and  Age  of  the  Tyrants. 
AND  GROWTH  J  Growth  of  Sparta  and  Athens. 
(75°-5°°  B-c.)  [  Growth  of  Hellenic  Unity. 


III.         FOREIGN        f  Conquest  of  Asia  Minor  by  Lydia  and  Persia. 

WARS         -I  Scythian  Expedition  and  Ionic  Revolt. 
(560-461  B.C.)    [  War  with  persia  and  Carthage 


IV.  A  CENTURY  OF  f  Atnen^an  Leadership:  Age  of  Pericles. 
CIVIL  STRIFE  1  Peloponnesian  War. 
(461-362  B.C.)  [Spartan  and  Theban  Leadership. 

V.  Loss  OF  GREEK  f  Macedonian  Leadership. 

FREEDOM      1  Alexander's  Empire  and  the  Graeco-Oriental  World. 
(362-146  B.C.)    [Federations.    Roman  Conquest. 


Prehistoric  Greece  (to  about  700  B.C.) 

I.  EARLY  ^EGEAN  CIVILIZATION  (3d  millennium). 

1.  Centers  of  activity:   Crete,  Troy,  the  Cyclades. 

2.  Trade. 

II.   MYCENAEAN  CIVILIZATION  (2d  millennium). 

1.  Centers  of  interest:   Cnossus,  Tiryns,  Mycenae. 

2.  Remains  and  character  of  this  civilization. 

3.  Greek  conquest. 

a.  Ancestral  home  of  the  Greeks. 

b.  Migration  into  Greece. 

c.  Relations  of  conquerors  and  conquered. 

4.  Oriental  influences. 

a.  Mythical  accounts. 

b.  Probable  effects. 

5.  Greek  legends. 

a.  The  Heroes. 

b.  Argonautic  Expedition. 

c.  Trojan  War. 

d.  Dorian  Invasion. 

6.  Colonization  of  Asia  Minor 

III.   EPIC  OR  HOMERIC  AGE  (1000-700  B.C.). 

1.  Sources  of  information  :   Homer,  Hesiod. 

2.  Life  in  Ionia,  —  social,  political,  religious. 

IV.  BEGINNINGS  OF  STATES  AND  LEAGUES. 

1.  The  City-State. 

a.  Formation. 

b.  Character. 

c.  Influence  on  Greek  history. 

2.  Leagues  of  cities. 

a.  Amphictyonies. 

b.  Political  leagues. 

c.  Influence  of  leagues. 


Studies  on  the  Prehistoric  Age 

1.  Who  were  the  primitive  inhabitants,  so  far  as  we  know,   of  the  land  we   call 
Greece  ?    What  places  still  bear  names  given  by  these  people  ? 

2.  What  has  been  learned  of  the  civilization  of  the  ^Egean  region  before  2000  B.C. 
from  the  ruins  in  Crete  and  the  Troad  ? 

3.  Explain  what  is  meant  by  "  Mycenaean  civilization." 

4.  Describe  the  remains  of  the  palaces  of  the  Cretan  or  early  Mycenaean  Age,  found 
at  Cnossus  and  Phaistos. 

5.  What  was  probably  the  earliest  city  in  Europe  ?    What  remains  of  it  to-day  ? 
1/6.   Has  the  description  of  the  palace  of  Alcinous  in  the  Odyssey  anything  in  common 

with  the  ruins  of  these  Mycencean  palaces  ? 

v/^.  Who  discovered  the  treasures  at  Mycenae  ?    Give  a  brief  sketch  of  his  life. 
1/8.  What  was  found  in  the  graves  at  Mycenae  ?    What  is  the  "  Treasury  of  Atreus  "  ? 
9.  Where  was  the  home  of  the  ancestors  of  the  ancient  Greeks  ?    Describe  their 

migration  into  Greece. 

10.  What  other  peoples  of  Aryan  speech  have  come  from  the  same  ancestral  home  ? 

11.  Describe  the  Thessalian  and  Boeotian  conquests  according  to  Bury. 

12.  Why  was  the  Dorian  conquest  of  Peloponnesus  so  effective? 

13.  Whence  did  the  Greeks  believe  came  the  beginnings  of  their  civilization  ? 

14.  What  traces  of  Oriental  influence  have  we  found  thus  far  in  yEgean  lands  ? 

15.  Describe  the  course  of  the  principal  streams  of  civilizing  influences  entering 
Greece. 

^16.  Tell  some  Greek  legend  connected  with  the  Orient  and  point  out  the  nucleus  of 
fact  it  contains. 

17.  Where  did  the  Greeks  first  colonize  ?    Why  did  they  move  in  this  direction  ? 

1 8.  Name  the  three  historic  Greek  races.    How  did  they  settle  geographically  in 
Asia  Minor  ? 

19.  Name' some  of  the  Asiatic  Greek  cities  founded  in  this  colonization. 

20.  What  other  names  are  given  to  the  Epic  Age  ?    Explain  the  use  of  each. 

21.  Who  was  Homer?    Give  your  authority  for  your  answer. 

22.  Describe  the   making   of  the  Iliad  and  the   Odyssey.    Why  do  they  occupy  so 
large  a  place  in  the  world's  literature  ? 

23.  Why  is  not  Hesiod's  work  as  well  known  as  that  of  Homer  ? 

24.  Give  a  quotation  from  Homer  describing  some  phase  of  life  in  Ionia. 

25.  Describe  the  life  of  the  family  as  pictured  by  Homer. 

26.  Write  a  paper  on  the  games  of  children  in  the  Homeric  Age. 

27.  Compare  city  with  country  life  in  the  Epic  Age. 


Studies  on  the  Prehistoric  Age   (continued) 

28.  What  were  the   industries  of  the    Homeric  Greeks  ?    How  did  they  carry  on 
trade  ?    What  was  their  principal  standard  of  value  ? 

29.  Prove  that  this  statement  is  correct  or  incorrect  :   In  the  government  of  the 
Homeric  Age  we  find  the  elements  of  monarchy,  aristocracy,  and  democracy. 

30.  Did  the  people  have  much  share  in  the  government  ?    Prove  your  answer. 

31.  How  did  the  government  change  toward  the  end  of  the  Prehistoric  Age  ? 

32.  Write  a  description  of  an  assembly  of  the  Greeks  according  to  Homer. 

33.  In  what  respects  did  the  civilization  of   Ionia   differ   from  that  of  Mycenae  ? 
Account  for  these  differences. 

34.  What  was  the  primitive  religious  belief  of  the  Greeks  as  of  all  peoples  ? 
J35-  What  influence  did  the  epic  poets  have  upon  the  religion  of  the  Greeks  ? 
'36.  What  was  the  Greek  Bible  ?    Who  was  the  Greek  Adam  ?  Noah  ?  Samson  ? 

37.  Why  did  the  Greeks  have  the  most  beautiful  mythology  in  the  world?    Why 
should  we  study  it  in  connection  with  Greek  history  ? 

38.  How  do  the  myths  account  for  the  naming  of  the  ^Egean  ?  the  Bosporus  ?  the 
Hellespont  ?  Athens  ?  Bceotia  ? 

39.  What  was  the  Homeric  idea  of  the  earth  and  all  above  and  below  it  ?    How 
does  it  differ  from  the  Babylonian  idea  of  the  universe  ? 

^  40.   How  did  a  Greek  of  the  early  ages  think  of  the  future  life  ?    In  what  words  does 

Achilles  express  his  feelings  in  regard  to  it  ? 

"*  41.   Make  a  list  of  the  great  gods  and  goddesses  of  the  Olympian  Council,  giving  the 
attributes  of  each. 

42.  What  facts  can  you  gather  from  Homer's  description  of  the  founding  of  a  city. 

43.  How  did  a  Greek  city  differ  from  a  modern  city  ? 

44.  What  is  the  ideal   size  for  a  city  according  to  Aristotle  ? 

45.  Give  Aristotle's  definition  of  the  state. 

46.  Why  is  the  Greek  city-state  so  called  ? 

y  47.  What   ties  bound   the   citizens  of   a   city-state  in  early  times  ?    What  ties  are 

binding  in  a  modern  city  ? 

v  48.  What  was  the  feeling  of  a  Greek  for  his  city  ?  the  Greek  idea  of  citizenship  ? 
•4  49.    Why  was  "the  wonderful  thing  which  we  call  Greek  civilization  the  flower  and 

fruitage  of  the  city-state  "  ? 
.-/  50.  What  made  it  difficult  for  the  Greek  cities  to  unite  in  larger  units  ?    For  what 

purposes  did  they,  nevertheless,  unite  ? 

51.  What  good  resulted  from  the  formation  of  leagues  ? 

52.  How  did  a  league  become  political  ?    Name  some  cities  which  held  hegemony  ? 

53.  Define:  Achaeans,  Hellenes,  Cyclopean,  Trojan,  Pan-Ionian,  Polis,  Amphictyony. 
„..,  54.   Indicate  on  an  outline  map  the  most  important  city-states  of  Greece  (European 

and  Asiatic)  at  the  dawn  of  history. 


16 


Age  of  Greek  Colonization  (750-600  B.C.) 

I.  REASONS  FOR  COLONIZATION. 

1.  General. 

2.  Special. 

II.  ORGANIZATION  OF  A  COLONY. 

III.  RELATION  OF  COLONY  TO  MOTHER  CITY. 

IV.  STREAMS  OF  COLONIZATION. 

1.  North  to  the  Euxine. 

a.  Attractions. 

b.  Important  colonies. 

2.  West  to  Italy  and  Sicily. 

a.  Attractions. 

b.  Chief  colonies. 

3.  South  to  Africa. 

a.  Chief  colonies. 

b.  Influence  of  these  colonies. 

V.  RESULTS  OF  COLONIZATION. 

1.  To  the  Greeks. 

2.  To  the  Mediterranean  world. 

Age  of  the  Tyrants  (650-500  B.C.) 

I.  CHANGES  IN  GOVERNMENT  OF  GREEK  STATES. 

1.  Monarchy  to  aristocracy. 

2.  Tyranny. 

3.  Democracy  or  oligarchy. 

II.  TYRANNY. 

1.  Origin. 

2.  Character  of  the  tyrants. 

a.  Polycrates  of  Samos. 

b.  Clisthenes  of  Sicyon. 

c.  Periander  of  Corinth. 

3.  Greek  feeling  towards  tyrants. 

4.  Good  and  evil  results  of  tyranny. 


Studies  on  Colonization  (750-600  B.C.) 

1.  At  what  two  periods  of  their  history  did  the  Greeks  colonize  most  actively  ? 

2.  Write  a  summary  of  the  general  and  special  causes  for  colonization  in  the  period 
from  750  to  600  B.C. 

3.  Why  was  this  period  favorable  to  the  expansion  of  the  Greeks  ? 

4.  Describe  the  sending  out  and  organization  of  a  colony. 

5.  What  was  the  attitude  of  the  Greeks  towards  the  peoples  among  whom  they 
settled  ? 

6.  Explain  the  relation  of  a  colony  to  its  mother  city.    What  was  the  strongest  tie 
between  them  ? 

7.  Give  some  instances  of  the  naming  of  places  in  memory  of  the  home  land. 

8.  Of  what  service  were  the  colonies  to  the  mother  country  ? 

9.  Make  a  table  of  the  most  important  Greek  colo'nies,  giving  date  of  foundation 
and  mother  city  of  each. 

10.  For  what  is  each  of  these  best  known  ?    Syracuse,  Tarentum,  Byzantium,  Locri, 
Naucratis,  Sybaris,  Cumae,  Corcyra,  Potidaea,  Cyrene,  Massilia. 

11.  Which  were  most  active  in  colonization,  the  home  cities  or  the  colonies  ?    Why  ? 

12.  What  city  founded  most  colonies  ?    Why  was  it  so  active  ? 

13.  Compare  Greek  with  Phoenician  colonization  ;  with  English. 

14.  On   an   outline  map   indicate   the    area   of   Greek   colonization,    distinguishing 
Dorian  and  Ionian  colonies.    Which  race  was  the  more  enterprising  ? 

Studies  on  Greek  Tyrants  (650-500  B.C.) 

1.  What  did  their  kings  do  for  the  Greeks  ?    Why  was  monarchy  overthrown  ? 

2.  Was  aristocracy  better  or  worse  for  the  people  than  monarchy  ?    What  did  the 
aristocracies  achieve  ? 

3.  Into  what  two  classes  did  aristocratic  rule  divide  the  people  ? 

4.  How  did  the  tyrants  gain  power  ?    Which  class  did  they  champion  ? 

5.  By  what  means  did  the  aristocrats  bolster  up  their  power  when  they  felt  it  totter  ? 

6.  What  was  the  difference  between  monarchy  and  tyranny  ?    Give  an  account  of 
some  typical  tyrant. 

7.  Why  is  it  not  safe  to  credit  all  Greek  tales  of  tyrants  ? 

8.  What  can  you  learn  of  Greek  life  from  the  story  of  the  "  wooing  of  Agariste  "  ? 

9.  Write  a  summary  of  the  services  rendered  by  the  tyrants  to  the  Greeks. 
10.  Which  did  "  the  many  "  prefer,  the  rule  of  "  the  few  "  or  tyranny  ?    Why  ? 
n.  Why  has  our  word  "tyrant  "  a  bad  meaning  ? 

12.  Why  was  tyranny  usually  short-lived?    What   form   of  government    generally 
followed  ? 

13.  Define  and  show  the  derivation  of:  monarchy,  oligarchy,  aristocracy,  timocracyr 
democracy,  republic,   tyranny,   despotism,   dyarchy,  anarchy. 


18 


Growth  of  Sparta  (to  about  500  B.C.) 

I.  CITY-STATES  IN  PELOPONNESE  ABOUT  700  B.C. 
II.   ASCENDANCY  OF  ARGOS  UNDER  PHEIDON. 
III.  DEVELOPMENT  OF  SPARTA  TO  500  B.C. 

1.  Location  and  formation  of  the  city. 

2.  Classes  of  the  people. 

a.  Origin. 

b.  Relations. 

3.  Spartan  constitution. 

a.  Duties  and  privileges  of  the  kings. 

b.  Composition  and  duties  of  the  Senate. 

c.  Importance  of  the  Assembly. 

d.  Authority  of  the  Ephors. 

4.  Spartan  discipline. 

a.  Purpose. 

b.  Education  of  boys  and  girls. 

c.  Life  of  men  and  women. 

d.  General  regulations. 

e.  Results,  good  and  evil. 

5.  Spartan  supremacy. 

a.  Conquest  of  Messenia. 

b.  Destruction  of  Argive  power. 

c.  Leadership  in  Peloponnesus. 

d.  Influence  in  Greece. 

6.  Spartan  culture. 

a.  Music ;  Terpander. 

b.  Poetry;  Tyrtaeus,  Alcman. 


Studies  on  the  Growth  of  Sparta  (to  about  500  B.C.) 

1.  Name  and  locate  the  important  city-states  in  the  Peloponnesus  about  700  B.C. 
Which  of  these  first  gained  preeminence  ? 

2.  What  influences  from  the  East  are  seen  in  King  Pheidon's  work  for  Argos  ? 

3.  Describe  the  situation  and  formation  of  the  city  of  Sparta.    How  did  it  differ 
from  the  majority  of  Greek  cities  ? 

4.  Explain  the  origin  of  the  classes  into  which  the  people  of  Laconia  were  divided. 
What  were  the  duties  and  privileges  of  each  class  ? 

5.  How  did  it  happen  that  the  conquered  were  divided  into  two  classes  ?    What  was 
the  constant  danger  of  the  Spartan  state  ? 

6.  Who  was  Lycurgus  ?    What  objection  is  there  to  saying  that  he  made  the  Spartan 
constitution  ? 

7.  Can  you  account  for  the  likeness  of  the  laws  of  Sparta  to  those  of  Crete,  leaving 
Lycurgus  out  of  the  question  ? 

8.  How  is  the  conservative  spirit  of  the  Spartans   shown   in  their   government  ? 
What  concessions  were  finally  made  to  the  people  ? 

9.  What  explanations  are  given  of  the  fact  that  Sparta  had  two  kings  ? 

10.  Was  the  position  of  the  kings  of  Sparta  in  historic  times  an  enviable  one  ? 

11.  What  was  "a  prize  for  virtue"  in  Sparta?    How  much  power  did  the  Senate 
have  ? 

12.  How  far  was  the  old  statute,  "To  the  people  shall  belong  the  decision  and  the 
power,"  carried  out  ? 

13.  What  shall  we  call  the  government  of  the  Spartan  state  ?    Distinguish  monarchic, 
oligarchic,  and  democratic  elements. 

*  14.   Describe  the  education  of  Spartan  boys  and  girls.    Would  you  like  to  be  trained 

that  way  ? 

15.  What  was  the  object  of  Spartan  discipline  ?    In  what  respects  was  it  one-sided  ? 
'  1 6.  Can  we  say  that  the  Spartan  men  and  women  enjoyed  "life,  liberty,  and  the 
pursuit  of  happiness  "?    Give  reasons  tor  your  answer. 

17.  What  does  Whibley  say  were  the  results  of  Spartan  principles  ? 

18.  How  much  do  we  know  of  the   Messenian  wars?    What  was  the  fate  of  the 
Messenians  ? 

19.  Give  some  incidents  of  the  struggle  for  supremacy  between  Sparta  and  Argos. 
-20.  The  Peloponnesian  League:   reasons  for  formation;   states  belonging;   consti- 
tution. 

21.  How  did  Sparta  gain  control  of  the  Olympic  festival?    In  what  other  religious 
center  did  it  gain  great  influence  ? 

22.  Which  state  was  more  advanced  in  culture  in  the  seventh  century  B.C.,  Sparta  or 
Athens  ? 

23.  In  what  forms  of  culture  did  the  Spartans  excel  ?    What  prevented  the  growth 
of  their  intellectual  and  artistic  life  ? 

24.  WThat  position  did  Sparta  hold  in  Greece  about  500  B.C.  ? 

25.  Define:  Hasileus,  Gerousia,  Ephors,  Apella,  Phiditia,  Hoplites,  Helots,  Periceci. 


20 


Growth  of  Athens  (to  about  500  B.C.) 

I.  THE  LAND  AND  PEOPLE  OF  ATTICA. 
II.  THE  MAKING  OF  ATHENS. 

1.  Founding  of  the  city. 

2.  Union  of  Attica. 

III.   CHANGES  IN  THE  CONSTITUTION. 

1.  Decline  of  the  monarchy. 

2.  Aristocracy. 

a.  Archons. 

b.  Council  of  the  Areopagus. 

c.  Assembly. 

d.  Classes  and  condition  of  the  people. 

e.  Rise  of  "  the  heavy-armed  "  ;  census. 

3.  Timocracy. 

a.  Civil  strife ;  Cylon. 

b.  Draco's  code  ;  results. 

c.  Economic  conditions  about  600  B.C. 

d.  Solon's  reforms  (594  B.C.). 

(1)  Solon,  the  man. 

(2)  Economic  reforms. 

(3)  Constitutional  reforms. 

(4)  Estimate  of  his  work. 

4.  Tyranny  :  the  Pisistratidae. 

a.  Pisistratus  and  his  policy. 

b.  Work  of  the  tyrants  for  Athens. 

c.  Expulsion  of  the  tyrants  (510  B.C.). 

5.  Democracy :   Clisthenes. 

a.  Constitutional  reforms. 

b.  Ostracism. 

IV.  OPPOSITION  OF  THE  NEIGHBORS  OF  ATHENS. 


21 


Studies  on  the  Growth  of  Athens  (to  about  500  B.C.) 

1.  Contrast  Attica  and  Laconia.    How  did  the  people  of  the  two  districts  differ  ? 

2.  Describe  the  making  of  the  city  of  Athens  according  to  Holm. 

3.  What  natural  conditions  gave  Athens  supremacy  ?    What  was  the  secret  of  her 
political  greatness  ? 

4.  Explain  the  expressions  :   "  politically,  Athens  was  Attica,"  and  "  all  the  Atticans 
became  Athenians,  but  all  the  Laconians  did  not  become  Spartans." 

5.  What  was  the  last  and  only  historical  royal  family  in  Athens  ?    By  what  means 
did  they  try  to  keep  their  power  ? 

6.  Trace  the  steps  by  which  the  nobles  deprived  the  Athenian  kings  of  power. 

7.  What  is  the  first  exact  date  in  Athenian  history  ?    What  does  it  mark  ? 

8.  Debate  the  advantage  or  disadvantage  of  annual  offices. 

9.  Name  the  heads  of  the  Athenian  government  about  650  B.C.     What  body  had 
controlling  power  ?    Into  what  classes  were  the  people  divided  ? 

10.  What  change  in  military  affairs  weakened  the  power  of  the  Eupatrids  ? 

1 1.  How  were  the  citizens  of  Athens  classified  according  to  their  wealth  ?    What  was 
the  object  and  result  of  this  census  ? 

1 2.  What  economic  and  political  conditions  caused  dissatisfaction  among  the  people  ? 
What  great  concession  did  the  nobles  make  ? 

13.  Draco's  code.    Why  was  it  needed?    What  were  its  most  important  laws  ?    Was 
Draco  responsible  for  its  severity  ?    In  what  respect  wag  it  a  failure  ? 

14.  Describe  the  condition  of  the  common  people  of  Athens  when  Solon  came  to 
their  relief.    Why  did  all  classes  have  confidence  in  Solon  ? 

15.  Solon's   reforms.    Which  were   most   important?    What   was  the   result   of   the 
change  in  coinage  ?    Which  class  of  the  people  did  he  most  benefit  ? 

1 6.  Was  Solon  a  democrat?    What  form  of  government  did  he  think  best?    Were 
the  people  satisfied  with  his  work  ? 

17.  By  what  means  did  Pisistratus  make  himself  tyrant  of  Athens? 

18.  How  did  the  people  benefit  by  the  rule  of  Pisistratus  ?    How  did  he  increase  the 
'  influence  of  Athens  ? 

^19.  What  public  works  are  ascribed  to  the  Pisistratidae  ?    Why  is  their  rule  called 
the  "  Golden  Age  of  Athens  "  ? 

20.  What  caused  the  overthrow  of  the  tyrants  ?    What  is  the  history  of  the  statues 
of  the  "Tyrannicides  "? 

21.  Who  was  Clisthenes,  and  how  did  he  become  head  of  the  Athenian  state  ? 

22.  What  evils  did  Clisthenes  seek  to  remedy  ?    How  did  he  accomplish  his  purpose  ? 
^.23.   Explain  ostracism.    Did  it  work  for  good  or  evil  in  Athens  ? 

24.  Make  an  outline  of  the  constitution  of  Athens  as  reformed  by  Solon.    Show  the 

changes  made  in  it  by  the  reforms  of  Clisthenes. 

^25.  What  effect  did  these  democratic  reforms  have  upon  the  relations  of  the  Athe- 
nians with  their  neighbors  ? 


22 


Growth  of  Hellenic  Unity  (to  about  500  B.C.) 
Bonds  of  Union. 

I.  COMMON  ANCESTRY  AND  MANNERS  AND  CUSTOMS. 

1.  Distinction  between  Hellene  and  "Barbarian." 

2.  Advance  in  civilization. 

II.  COMMON  LANGUAGE  AND  LITERATURE. 

1.  Poetry:  the  Lyric  Age  (700-475  B.C.). 

a.  Elegiac  verse ;  Tyrtaeus,  Solon. 

b.  Iambic  verse  ;  Archilochus. 

c.  Lyric  poetry  ;  character  and  forms. 

(1)  Ballad;  Alcaeus,  Sappho. 

(2)  Choral  ode ;  Simonides,  Pindar. 

2.  Philosophy. 

a.  Origin  and  purpose. 

b.  Xenophanes,  Thales,  Heraclitus,  Pythagoras. 

III.  COMMON  RELIGION. 

1.  Oracles  and  soothsayers. 

2.  Religious  festivals. 

3.  Art,  —  temples  and  statues. 

IV.  COMMON  INSTITUTIONS. 

1.  Amphictyonies. 

2.  Political  leagues. 

3.  National  games. 


Studies  on  the  Growth  of  Hellenic  Unity  (to  about  500  B.C.) 

1.  What  contrasts  do  you  find  between  the  Greeks  and  Orientals  in  character? 
in  manner  of  life  ?  in  government  ?  in  religion  ? 

2.  What  are  the  natural  ties  that  unite  a  people  ?  the  artificial  ? 

3.  What   belief  in   regard   to  their  origin  caused  the  Greeks    to   call   themselves 
Hellenes  ?    How  did  they  come  to  be  called  Greeks  ? 

4.  What  did  "  barbarian  "  mean  to  a  Greek  ? 

5.  What  new  arts  introduced  to  the  Greeks  through  commerce  most  advanced 
their  culture  in  this  period  ? 

6.  What  improvement  do  we  find  in  the  relations  of  individuals  and  of  states  ? 

7.  How  had  the  epic  poets  served  the  cause  of  national  unity  ? 

8.  Why  is  the  period  of  Greek  literature  from  700  to  475  B.C.  called  the  Lyric  Age  ? 
What  spirit  dominates  Greek  feeling  in  this  age  ? 

9.  How  does  lyric  poetry  differ  from  epic  ?    Name  some  English  lyrics. 

10.  Name  the  great  poets  of  the  Lyric  Age  and  quote  from  as  many  as  you  can. 

11.  Explain  the   difference  between   a   ballad  and   a  choral   ode.    Which  of  these 
forms  became  national  ? 

12.  What  is  philosophy  ?    Where  was  European  philosophy  founded  ? 

13.  What  was  the  chief  service  of  Greek  philosophy  to  the  world  of  thought  ? 

14.  Tell    something   of   the    life  of    Xenophanes,   "one  of  the   pioneers  of  Greek 
thought." 

15.  What,  so  far  as  we  know,  was  Thales  the  first  to  predict?    Anaximander  the 
first  to  make  ?    What  did  Pythagoras  discover  ? 

16.  Who  were  the  "Seven  Sages"?    Repeat  some  of  their  sayings. 

17.  What  were  the  chief  requirements  of  the  moral  code  of  the  Greeks? 

1 8.  What  is  meant  by  the  Eleusinian  and  Orphic  mysteries?    How  did  they  change 
the  character  of  Greek  religion  ? 

19.  Judging  from  the  words  of  Pindar,  had  the  Greek  idea  of  the  future  life  changed 
since  the  Epic  Age  ? 

20.  Show  the  influence  of  the  oracle  of  Apollo  at  Delphi  for  good  and  for  evil. 

21.  Write  a  paper   on   the   national   games   which    shall   show  their  origin,  where 
they  were  held  and  how  often,  who  were  permitted  to  take  part,  the  character 
of  the  contests  and  rewards,  and  the  effect  of  the  games  on  Greek  life. 

22.  What  examples  of  Greek  art  before  500  B.C.  can  you  find  ?    What  were  the  two 
strongest  influences  upon  its  development  ? 

23.  Explain  the  following  expressions:   Mount  Helicon,  the  home  of  "the  tuneful 
Nine "  ;    "  Drink   deep,   or  taste    not   the   Pierian   spring " ;    His  speech  is   too 
laconic  to  be  graceful ;  The  German  Emperor  had  a  truly  Spartan  training. 


Foreign  Wars  of  the  Greeks  (560-479  B.C.) 

I.  CONQUEST  OF  THE  ASIATIC  GREEKS  BY 

1.  Crcesus,  king  of  Lydia. 

2.  Cyrus,  king  of  Persia. 

II.  CONQUESTS  OF  CAMBYSES  :  effect  upon  the  Greeks. 

III.  SCYTHIAN   EXPEDITION  OF  DARIUS. 

1.  The  Greek  tyrants. 

2.  Extent  of  Persian  power. 

IV.  IONIAN  REVOLT  (500  B.C.). 

1.  Causes  :   remote  and  immediate. 

2.  Events :   Sardis,  Lade,  Miletus. 

3.  Results  :  effect  on  Ionia  and  on  Europe. 

V.   EXPEDITIONS  AGAINST  GREECE. 

1.  First  expedition  of  Darius  (492  B.C.). 

2.  Second  expedition  of  Darius  (490  B.C.). 

a.  Subjection  of  the  ./Egean  islands. 

b.  Marathon ;   Miltiades. 

3.  Respite  for  ten  years. 

a.  Preparations  of  Xerxes. 

b.  Preparations  of  the  Greeks  ;  Themistocles. 

4.  Expedition  of  Xerxes  (480  B.C.). 

a.  March  of  the  Persian  army. 

b.  Thermopylae  and  Artemisium. 

c.  Sal  am  is. 

5.  Final  victories  of  the  Greeks  (479  B.C.). 

a.  Plataea. 

b.  Mycale. 

6.  Effect  on  the  Greeks,  the  Persians,  and  Europe. 

VI.  CARTHAGINIAN  EXPEDITION  AGAINST  SICILY  (485-480  B.C.). 

1.  Causes:   influence  of  Persia. 

2.  Event :  battle  of  Himera  ;  Gelon. 

3.  Results :  effect  on  Sicily  and  on  Europe. 


Studies  on  the  Foreign  Wars  (560-479  B.C.) 

1.  When  and  where  did  the  Greeks  first  come  into  serious  conflict  with  a  foreign 
power  ? 

2.  What  was  Asiatic  Greece  ?    Describe  the  character  of  the  Asiatic  Greeks. 

3.  Give  a  brief  account  of  the  relations  between  the  Lydian  kings  and  the  Ionian 
cities  before  the  time  of  Croesus.    How  had  the  Lydian   kingdom   served  the 
lonians  ? 

4.  How  did  Croesus  treat  the  Greeks  he  conquered  ?    Can  you  explain  his  mildness  ? 

5.  What  brought  Croesus  into  conflict  with  Cyrus,  the  Persian  ?    What  was  the  result  ? 

6.  What  did  the  fall  of  Croesus  mean  for  the  Greeks  ?    How  did  they  meet  the  crisis  ? 

7.  What  might  have  been  the  result  if  the  Persians  and  Greeks  had  first  met  in 
peace  instead  of  in  war  ? 

8.  In  what  way  did  the  organization  of  the  Persian  Empire  by  Darius  affect  the 
Greeks  ? 

9.  Who  is  our  chief  source  of  information  for  the  Persian  wars  ?    Repeat  his  story 
of  the  tyrants  at  the  bridge.   Which  was  wiser,  Histiaeus  or  Miltiades  ? 

10.  Why  did  Aristagoras  urge  the  lonians  to  revolt  from  Persia  ?    Describe  his  expe- 
riences in  seeking  allies. 

11.  Had  the  Athenians  any  special  reasons  for  sympathizing  in  the  Ionian  Revolt  ? 

12.  What  fatal  weaknesses  did  the  lonians  show  in  their  struggle  for  independence  ? 

13.  What  do  you  think  of  the  treatment  of  the  Great  King's  heralds  by  the  Spartans 
and  by  the  Athenians  ? 

14.  Was  Greece  in  a  good  condition  for  war  ?    What  had  she  in  her  favor? 

15.  How  far  did  the  second  expedition  of  Darius  accomplish  his  purpose? 

^  16.  Why  is  the  battle  of  Marathon  so  famous  ?    Draw  a  plan  of  the  battle  ground  and 
explain  the  movements  on  each  side.     Why  is  the  "  Marathon  Run  "  so  called  ? 

17.  Why  were  there  no  Spartans  at  Marathon  ?    Do  you  regret  their  absence?     Did 
they? 

18.  What   change  in  government  about  487  B.C.   made   Athens  more  democratic? 
How  was  the  opposition  of  her  two  leading  statesmen  ended?    What  was  the 
importance  of  the  result  to  Athens  and  to  Greece  ? 

19.  Comment  on  what  you   find    in    Herodotus   concerning  the   preparations  and 
march  of  Xerxes.     How  many  nations  did  the  Persian  army  represent  ? 

20.  Were  the  Greek  states  united  in  defense  of  their  liberties  ?    What  spirit  did  the 
Peloponnesians  show  ?    Did  the  Greeks  have  any  help  from  abroad  ? 

21.  In  what   respect   was    Thermopylae  a  victory   for  the  Greeks?    Why  were    no 
Athenians  there  ? 

22.  How  was  the  battle  of  Salamis  fought  according  to  ^Eschylus  ?    Why  should  he 
know  ? 

23.  Who  should  have  most  credit  for  the  victory  of  Salamis?  of  Plataea  ? 

24.  Why  did  the  Greeks  conquer  the  Persians  ?    What  were  the  important  results 
of  the  struggle  ? 

25.  How  were  the  western  Greeks  engaged  while  their  eastern  kinsmen  were  con- 
quering the  Persians  ?    Compare  the  wars  in  the  east  and  west. 

26.  On  an  outline  map  trace  the  routes  of  the  various  Persian  expeditions  against 
Greece. 

26 


Leadership  of  Athens  (479-431  B.C.) 

I.  MAKING  OF  THE  ATHENIAN  EMPIRE. 

1.  Fortification  of  Athens  and  Piraeus:  Themistocles. 

2.  Leadership  of  allied  fleet  given  to  Athens. 

3.  Confederacy  of  Delos  (477  B.C.)  :   Aristides. 

a.  Purpose  of  formation. 

b.  Constitution. 

c.  Importance. 

4.  Leadership  of  Cimon  (477-461  B.C.). 

a.  Subjection  of  allies  ;  Naxos  and  Thasos. 

b.  Condition  of  subject  states. 

c.  Alliance  with  Sparta. 

d.  Ostracism  of  Cimon. 

II.  AGE  OF  PERICLES  (461-431  B.C.). 

1.  Pericles  the  man,  and  his  policy. 

2.  Activity  of  the  Athenians. 

a.  Foreign  expeditions. 

b.  War  with  Peloponnesians. 

c.  Long  Walls. 

3.  Attempt  to  create  a  land  empire. 

a.  Tanagra,  (Enophyta,  Coronea. 

b.  Thirty  Years'  Truce  (445  B.C.). 

4.  Periclean  democracy. 

a.  Foundation  principle ;  narrowness. 

b.  Power  of  the  assembly  ;  chief  magistrates. 

c.  The  popular  courts  ;  pay  for  public  service. 

5.  Athenian  Empire :  strength  and  weakness. 

III.  BEAUTIFYING  OF  ATHENS. 

1.  Work  of  Cimon:   Polygnotus  and  Myron. 

2.  Architecture  on  and  near  the  Acropolis :   the  Parthenon. 

3.  Sculpture :   Phidias  and  his  school. 

IV.  LITERATURE. 

1.  Drama :  ^Eschylus  and  Sophocles. 

2.  History :   Herodotus. 

3.  Philosophy :  Zeno  and  Anaxagoras. 

V.  SOCIAL  LIFE  :   estimate  of  Athenian  character. 


27 


Studies  on  Athenian  Leadership  (479-445  B.C.) 

X^  i.  When  the  Athenians  returned  to  their  city  after  the  battle  of  Plataea,  in  what 
condition  did  they  find  it  ? 

2.  How  did  Themistocles   succeed   in   making  Athens  a   walled  city  ?    Why  was 
there  any  objection  ? 

3.  How   did    Piraeus   rank    among    the    commercial   cities    of    the    Mediterranean 
because  of  the  work  of  Themistocles  ? 

4.  Was  the  situation  of  Athens  relative  to  her  port  advantageous  or  otherwise  ? 

5.  How  did  Athens  gain  control  of  the  allied  fleet  ?    Why  was  this  gain  important  ? 

6.  What  prominent  examples  of  the  untrustworthy  character  of   Spartan  leaders 
appear  in  this  period  ? 

7.  Give  reasons  for  Lacedaemonian  hatred  of  Themistocles.    How  did  it  affect  the 
closing  years  of  his  life  ? 

8.  Is  it  possible  to  overestimate  the  work  of  Themistocles  for  Athens  ?    How  did 
the  Athenians  of  later  times  regard  him  ? 

9.  Who  was  most  prominent   in   the   formation   of   the    Confederacy    of    Delos  ? 
Where  have  we  heard  of  a  Delian  League  before  ? 

10.  Compare  the  constitution  of  the  Delian  Confederacy  with  that  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesian  League. 

11.  Show  how  the  confederacy  grew  under  the  leadership  of  Cimon.    Can  you  jus- 
tify Athens  in  the  use  of  force  as  head  of  the  confederacy  ? 

12.  How  was  the  confederacy  transformed  into  an  empire?    What  was  the  condi- 
tion of  a  subject  ally  ? 

13.  Of  what  did  the  subject  states  most  bitterly  complain  ?    On  the  other  hand,  what 
benefits  did  they  enjoy  ? 

14.  What  made  Cimon  a  popular  man?    What  was  his  ideal  for  Greece?    Why  was 
it  impossible  of  attainment  ? 

15.  Compare  the  principles  of  Pericles  with  those  of  Cimon. 

1 6.  How  did  Pericles  come  to  the  head  of  affairs  in  Athens  ? 

v  ^17.  Explain  the  statement:  Pericles  "was  heir  to  the  foreign  policy  of  Themisto- 
cles and  Ephialtes,  to  the  constitutional  principles  of  Aristides,  and  to  Cimon's 
patronage  of  culture." 

1 8.  In  how  many  different  places  were  Athenian  soldiers  fighting  in  the  "wonderful 
year  "  458  B.C.  ?    What  memorial  of  their  valor  still  remains  ? 

19.  Tell  the  story  of  Cimon's  restoration   to  favor.    What  was  his  last  work  for 
Athens  ? 

20.  Why  was  it  impossible  for  Athens  to  form  a  land  empire  in  opposition  to  Sparta  ? 

21.  How  were  affairs  settled  by  the  Thirty  Years'  Truce  ? 

^22.  Make   a    plan    of  the  walls  and  fortifications  of  Athens  and    Piraeus  as  they 

appeared  in  the  year  431  B.C. 

23.  Who  was  "the  Athenian  Nelson"?  "the  Attic  Odysseus"?  "the  Philo- 
Laconian"?  "the  hero  of  Thermopylae"?  "the  Judas  of  Greece"?  "the 
Just  "  ?  "  the  father  and  founder  of  the  Attic  peasantry  "  ? 


28 


Studies  on  the  Age  of  Pericles  (461-431  B.C.) 

i.   In   what   respects   is   the   Age  of   Pericles   unequaled   by   any   other  period   in 

the  history  of  the  world  ? 

^  2.   Is   it   right   to   call   the   Periclean   democracy  "  a   despotism   of  the  people "  ? 
Was  it  a  democracy  according  to  our  ideas  ? 

3.  Is  payment  for  public  service  a  good  thing  ?    Was  it  a  benefit  to  the  Athenians  ? 

4.  What  sources  of  revenue  had  Athens  to  provide  for  the  expenses  of  the  state  ? 

5.  What  part  did  the  law  courts  play  in  the  life  of  an  Athenian  ?    How  was  a  jury 
chosen  ? 

6.  Describe  the  method  of  conducting   a  trial  in  Athens.    How  does  a  modern 
trial  differ  ? 

7.  What  great  mistake  did  Athens  make  in  her  imperial  policy  ?    Were  there  no 
anti-imperialists  ?    How  might  Athens  have  ma<le  her  empire  acceptable  to  her 
subjects  ? 

8.  In  what  forms  of  art  was  Athens  at  her  best  in  the  Periclean  Age  ? 

9.  What  was  the  Acropolis  ?    Why  was  it  selected  as  "  the  home  of  the  gods  "  ? 

10.   Draw  a  plan  of  the  Acropolis  and  take  a  walk  about  it,  pointing  out  the  principal 

points  of  interest. 

s    ii.  Why  is  the  Parthenon  considered  so  great  a  work  of  art?  What  principles  of 
Greek  architecture  does  it  embody  ? 

12.  Point  out  the  chief  differences  between  the  Doric  and  Ionic  orders  of  archi- 
tecture, taking  two  temples  on  the  Acropolis  for  examples. 

13.  What  great  victories  of  the  Greeks  were  commemorated  on  or  near  the  Acrop- 
olis ? 

14.  Describe  briefly  the  works  ascribed  to  that  greatest  of  all  sculptors,  Phidias. 

15.  What  work  of  Phidias  and  his  school  helps  to  make  the  Athenians  real  to  us  ? 

1 6.  What  form  of  literature  reached  its  highest  development  in  this  age?    In  what 
did  it  originate  ?    Trace  its  development. 

17.  How   does  the  genius   of  Sophocles  differ   from   that   of  ^Eschylus  ?    Tell  the 
story  of  the  Antigone. 

1 8.  What  shajl  we  say  of  the  work  of  Herodotus  ?    How  was  it  first  made  public  ? 

19.  Why  was  " theater  going"  in  the   days   of   ancient  Greece  less   objectionable 
than  now  ?    Describe  a  Greek  theater. 

20.  What  philosophers  most  influenced  Pericles  ?    Why  should  schoolboys  remember 
Anaxagoras  ? 

21.  Imagine  that  you  are  an  Athenian  boy  and  write  a  letter  about  your  school  life. 

22.  Describe  a  day  in  the  life  of  an  Athenian  and  his  wife  in  this  age. 

23.  Quote  the  estimate  of  Athenian  character  given  in  the  funeral  oration  of  Peri- 
cles.   Was  it  a  vain  boast  ? 

24.  Who  made  the  civilization  of  the  Periclean  Age  possible?    What  were  the  chief 
defects  of  this  civilization  ? 


29 


The  Peloponnesian  War  (431-404  B.C.) 

I.  CAUSES  :  remote  and  immediate. 
II.   RESOURCES  OF  ATHENS  AND  SPARTA. 

III.  PLANS  OF  OPPONENTS. 

IV.  EVENTS. 

1.  431-421  B.C.,  indecisive. 

a.  Plataea  (431-427  B.C.). 

b.  Peloponnesian  invasions  of  Attica. 

c.  The  plague;  death  of  Pericles  (429  B.C.). 

d.  Character  of  the  war ;   Mytilene  ;  Corcyra. 

e.  Athenian  successes  ;  Pylos. 

f.  Athenian  reverses  ;   Delium. 

g.  Brasidas  in  Chalcidice. 
h.  Peace  of  Nicias. 

2.  421-413  B.C.,  Athens  loses. 

a.  Activity  of  Argos ;  Mantinea. 

b.  Piracy  of  Athens  at  Melos. 

c.  Sicilian  Expedition  (415  B.C.). 

(1)  Causes;  influence  of  Alcibiades. 

(2)  Preparations  and  departure. 

(3)  Operations  around  Syracuse. 

(4)  Retreat  of  the  Athenians. 

(5)  Effect  on  Athens,  Sparta,  and  Persia. 

3.  413-404  B.C.,  triumph  of  Sparta. 

a.  Fortification  of  Decelea. 

b.  Plots  of  Alcibiades ;  rule  of  the  Four  Hundred. 

c.  Last  work  of  Alcibiades  for  Athens. 

d.  Battle  of  the  Arginusae ;  condemnation  of  the  generals. 
<?.  ^Egospotami ;  fall  of  Athens. 

V.  TERMS  OF  PEACE. 
VI.   RESULTS  OF  THE  WAR  TO  GREECE  AND  TO  CIVILIZATION. 


Studies  on  the  Peloponnesian  War  (431-404  B.C.) 

1.  Who  were  the  opponents,  and  what  principles  were  at  stake  in  this  war? 

2.  What  does  Bury  consider  the  true  cause  of  the  war?    Why  is  this  war  so  cele- 
brated in  history  ? 

3.  What   events    hastened    the  war  ?    What   had    been    the   previous   relations   of 
Athens  and  Corinth  ? 

4.  Who    should    be   held    responsible    for  the    war  ?    On   which   side   was    public 
opinion  ? 

5.  Compare  the  resources  of  Athens  and  Sparta   in  the  year  431   B.C.    as  to   (a) 
allies,  (&)  military  and  naval  strength,  (c)  revenue. 

6.  In  what  respect  is  the  first  event  characteristic  of  the  whole  war  ? 

7.  What   is   meant  by  "the   military  promenades  of  King  Archidamus "  ?    What 
effect  did  they  have  on  the  people  of  Attica  ? 

8.  Describe  the  circumstances  under  which  the  famous  funeral  oration  of  Pericles 
was  delivered.    Memorize  the  passage  you  think  the  finest. 

9.  Estimate  the  importance  of  the  death  of  Pericles  to  Athens. 

10.  Compare  Pericles  and  Cleon.    What  were  the  most  unwise  measures  of  Cleon  ? 

11.  What  do  the  revolt  of  Lesbos  and  sedition  in  Corcyra  show  as  to  the  influence 
of  the  war  upon  distant  communities  ? 

12.  What  effect  did  the   capture  of  Spartan   troops  at  Sphacteria  have  upon  the 
position   of   Athens   and  Sparta  ?    Contrast   Demosthenes  and   Nicias   as  com- 
manders. 

13.  What  year  marks  the  height  of  Athenian  success  ?    Give  an  account  of  its  events. 

14.  Whose  advice  did  the  Athenians  disregard  in  attempting  to  conquer  Bceotia  ? 
What  military  formation  appears  first  at  the  battle  of  Delium  ? 

15.  Who  was  Brasidas  ?    What  did  he  do  ?    Give  reasons  for  his  success. 

1 6.  What  brought  about  the  Peace  of  Nicias  ?    Why  was  it  a  failure  ? 

17.  Debate    the    question,    Should    the    Athenians    have   undertaken    the    Sicilian 
Expedition  ? 

1 8.  The  Sicilian  Expedition  :  mistakes  of  the  Athenians  ;  plans  of  the  commanders  ; 
success  of  the  Syracusans  ;  retreat  of  the  Athenians  and  their  end.    Who  should 
be  blamed  for  the  failure  of  the  expedition  ?    Who  deserves  sympathy  ? 

19.  What   light  does  the  behavior  of   Persia  throw  upon  the   previous   service  of 
Athens  to  her  empire  ?    What  good  qualities  does  Athens  show  in  defeat  ? 

20.  Write  a   biography   of   Alcibiades   showing  his   influence  upon   the  events   of 
the  Peloponnesian  War.    What  do  you  think  of  his  character  ? 

21.  Describe  the  rule  of  the  Four  Hundred  in  Athens.    At  what  previous  time  had 
Athens  a  similar  government  ?  What  was  the  fate  of  her  first  written  constitution  ? 

22.  What   events   of  the  war  show   the   fickleness  and   injustice   of  the   Athenian 
Assembly  ? 

23.  Where  should  the  blame  for  the  capture  of  the  Athenians  at  ^Egospotami  be 
placed  ?    Why  were  the  final  terms  of  peace  not  more  severe  ? 

24.  What  was  the  condition  of  Hellas  at  the  close  of  the  Peloponnesian  War  ? 


31 


The  New  Learning 

I    THE  SOPHISTS  AND  RHETORICIANS. 

1.  Character  and  aim. 

2.  Influence. 

II.  LEADERS  OF  THOUGHT. 

1.  Drama:   Aristophanes,  Euripides. 

2.  History :  Thucydides. 

3.  Philosophy :   Socrates. 

III.  GOOD  AND  EVIL  EFFECTS  OF  THE  NEW  LEARNING. 

1.  What  was  the  true  cause  of  the  fall  of  Athens  ? 

2.  To  whom  did  the  Athenians  turn  for  help  when  their  political  leaders  failed  ? 

3.  What  change  do  we  find  had  taken  place  in  Athenian  thought  and  ideals  during 
the  fifth  century  ? 

4.  What  did  the  teachers  of  sophistry  and  rhetoric  promise  to  do  for  men  ?    Give 
some  examples  of  their  teachings. 

5.  What  was  the  measure  of  success  in  these  days  ?    What  evils  resulted  from  the 
struggle  for  such  success  ? 

6.  In  what  form  of  literature  do  we  find  the  changed  temper  of  the  Athenians 
best  illustrated  ? 

7.  Why  are  the  comedies  of  Aristophanes  so  helpful  in  the  study  of  Athens  ? 

8.  Why  does  Euripides  seem  the  most  modern  of  the  ancient  writers  ?    Why  should 
women  especially  honor  him  ? 

9.  Give  some  quotations  from  Euripides  which  show  his  patriotism  and  humanity. 

10.  Write  out  the  story  of  the  Alccstis  as  you  would  tell  it  to  your  brothers  and 
sisters. 

11.  Who  was  the  "ugliest  of  the  sons  of  men  "  but  "the  greatest  of  the  Greeks  "  ? 
How  did  he  try  to  save  the  Athenians  ?    Why  did  he  fail  ? 

12.  From  Plato's  description  of  the  trial  and   death  of  Socrates,  copy  into  your 
notebook  the  lines  which  most  appeal  to  you. 

13.  What  were  the  good  effects  of  the  new  thought  ? 

14.  Show  how  the  life  of  Alcibiades  illustrates  the  results  of  the  teaching  of  the 
sophists. 

15.  Define:  Demos ;  Sophist,  Socratic  method,  Decelean  War,  Hcrmcz,  Panathcnaa, 
Helicea. 

1 6.  For  what  are  the  following  to  be  remembered?    Phormio,  Gylippus,  Lysander, 
Hyperbolus,  Lamachus,  Corax,  Melos,  Mantinea. 


Leadership  of  Sparta  and  of  Thebes  (404-362  B.C.) 

I.   IMPERIAL  POLICY  OF  SPARTA  :   Lysander. 

1.  Decarchies  :   harmosts. 

2.  The  Thirty  in  Athens :   Thrasybulus. 

II.  WARS. 

1.  Expedition  of  the  Ten  Thousand  (401  B.C.). 

2.  War  with  Persia. 

a.  Agesilaus  in  Asia  Minor. 

b.  Conon  and  the  Long  Walls. 

3.  Corinthian  War  :   Iphicrates. 

4.  Peace  of  Antalcidas  (387  B.C.). 

III.  TYRANNY  OF  SPARTA  IN  BCEOTIA,  ARCADIA,  CHALCIDICE. 

IV.  RISE  OF  THEBES. 

1.  Liberation  of  Thebes:   Pelopidas  and  Epaminondas. 

2.  Hellenic  peace  convention  (371  B.C.). 

3.  Battle  of  Leuctra  :  results. 

V.  ASCENDANCY  OF  THEBES. 

1.  Epaminondas  in  Peloponnese  (370  B.C.):   Messenia. 

2.  Pelopidas  in  the  north  and  at  Susa. 

3.  Battle  of  Mantinea  (362  B.C.):   results. 

VI.  CONDITION  OF  GREECE. 
VII.   PROGRESS  IN  CULTURE. 

1.  Spread  of  culture  through  Greece. 

2.  Leadership  of  Athens :   change  in  social  life. 

a.  Literature  ;  principal  forms. 

b.  Great  men  ;  Xenophon,  Lysias,  Isocrates,  Plato. 

3.  Art :  characteristics. 

a.  Architecture ;  Mausoleum  of  Halicarnassus. 

b.  Sculpture ;  Praxiteles,  Scopas. 


Studies  on  Leadership  of  Sparta  (404-371  B.C.) 

1.  Commit  to  memory :    The  Athenian  Empire  had  lasted  seventy  glorious  years. 
Nearly  an  equal  time  was  to  elapse  before  Hellas  fell  under  Macedonian  sway, 
but  the  period  is  one  of  shame  or  profitless  conflict.    It  falls  into  three  divisions, 

—the  brutal  terrorism  of  Sparta,  the  hopeless  anarchy  of  Thebes,  and  the  subtle 
encroachments  of  Macedon.  In  the  whole  period  the  city-state  is  declining,  to 
give  way  to  the  system  of  great  monarchies.  —  Adapted  from  WEST. 

2.  In  whose  hands  were  the  affairs  of  eastern  Greece  after  the  fall  of  Athens? 
For  what  had  the  subjects  of  Athens  exchanged  her  "  wise,  mild  rule  "  ? 

3.  Describe  the  government  set  up  by  Lysander  in  Athens.    How  does  it  corre- 
spond to  the  government  of  Sparta  ?    Compare  it   with  the  rule   of  the  Four 
Hundred. 

4.  What  brought  about  the  downfall  of  the  Thirjty  ?    Quote  the  words  of  the  patriot 
Thrasybulus  as  he  led  his  followers  against  them. 

5.  To  which  class  of  Athenian  citizens  is  most  honor  due  in  the  strife  between 
oligarchs  and  democrats  ?    Why  ? 

6.  How  did   the  Athenians   again   show  their  narrowness  ?    What  might  a  more 
liberal  policy  have  done  for  Athens  ? 

7.  What  does  Lysander's  career  show  of  Greek  character  and  the  deterioration  of 
Spartan  discipline  ? 

8.  How  does  the  Sparta  of  the  fourth  century  differ  from  the  Sparta  of  the  seventh  ? 
Why  was  she  unfit  to  rule  an  empire  ?    Was  she  less  unfit  than  Athens  ? 

9.  Why  is  King  Agesilaus  called  "  an  ideal  Spartan  "  ?    What  forced  him  to  lead  the 
Greeks  against  Persia  ? 

10.  Why  is  the  retreat  of  the  Ten  Thousand  so  famous  ?    What  previous  retreat  in 
Greek  history  is  a  striking  contrast  ? 

11.  How  did   Conon,  the  Athenian,   come   to  be   in   Persian  service?    What  had 
destroyed  the  walls  of  Athens  ?    What  now  restored  them  ? 

12.  What  condition  of  affairs  at  home  recalled  Agesilaus  before  his  work  was  done  ? 

13.  How  was  Iphicrates  able  to  strike  a  fatal  blow  at  the  military  prestige  of  Sparta  ? 

14.  Shall  we  blame  Sparta  for  making  the  Treaty  of  Antalcidas  ?    What  else  could 
she  have  done  ?    What  was  most  shameful  about  it  ? 

15.  How  many  times  had  Sparta  betrayed  the  Greeks  of  Asia  into  the  hands  of 
Persia  ? 

1 6.  What  tyrannical  acts  of  Sparta  hurried  her  to  her  downfall  ? 

17.  Where  did  opposition  to  Spartan  tyranny  first  show  itself? 

1 8.  Give  an  account  of  the  overthrow  of  the  Theban  oligarchy. 

19.  Tell  the  story  of  the  friendship  of  Pelopidas  and  Epaminondas.     What  were  the 
most  excellent  traits  of  character  in  each  of  these  patriots  ? 


Studies  on  Thebes  and  Progress  of  Culture  (400-350  B.C.) 

1.  What  is  noticeable  in  the  relations  of  the  three  leading  states  of  Greece  during 
this  period  ? 

2.  Why  did  the  Athenians  form  a  new  maritime  confederacy  ?    How  did  it  differ 
from  the  old  Delian  Confederacy  ? 

3.  What  led  to  the  Hellenic  peace  convention  of  371  B.C.?    What  advance  does 
it  show  in  the  management  of  Greek  affairs  ? 

4.  Describe  the  scene  at  the  peace  convention  which  led  to  the  battle  of  Leuctra. 
For  what  is  this  battle  remarkable  ? 

5.  Draw  a  plan  of  the  battlefield  of  Leuctra,  and  explain  the  tactics  of  Epami- 
nondas. 

6.  Describe  the  condition  of  affairs  in  Peloponnese  after  Leuctra. 

7.  What  did  Epaminondas  accomplish  in  his  first  invasion  of  Peloponnese  ?    What 
was  the  best  thing  he  ever  did  ? 

8.  How  did  Epaminondas  succeed  as  an  admiral  ? 

9.  What  did  Pelopidas  accomplish  in  the  north  ?    What  can  you  say  of  his  embassy 
to  Susa  ? 

10.  What  did  Epaminondas  hope  to  do  for  Thebes  ?    How  did  he  fail  as  a  statesman  ? 

11.  What  does  Xenophon  say  of  the  result  of  the  battle  of  Mantinea  ? 

12.  Why  was  there  no  longer  any  hope  of  a  city  supremacy  in  Greece  ? 

13.  Why  were  western  and  northern  Greece  so  far  behind  eastern  Greece  in  civiliza- 
tion ?    Why  did  culture  spread  more  rapidly  from  432  to  362  B.C.  ? 

14.  Show  how  the  conditions  of  life  in  Athens  had  changed  since  the  time  of  Pericles. 
Had  Athens  any  influence  in  the  Greece  of  the  fourth  century  ? 

15.  What  is  the  keynote  of  the  art  and  literature  of  the  fourth  century  ? 

1 6.  What   marked   change  do  we  find  in  the  literature  of  the  period?    What  are 
its  most  excellent  forms  ? 

17.  Who  was  the  "  ablest  thinker  and  writer  of  the  age  "  ?    What  did  he  teach  was 
the  perfect  life  ? 

1 8.  What  makes  Xenophon  an  interesting  historian  ? 

19.  Which  of  the  great  men  of  the  age  most  influenced  the  development  of  European 
literature  ?     In  what  respect  was  his  patriotism  like  Cimon's  ? 

20.  Where  do  we  find  the  greatest  works  of  art  in  this  period  ?    Why  ? 

21.  Describe  the  most  famous  statue  of  the  greatest  sculptor  of  the  age. 

22.  What  artists  of  two  worlds  do  we  associate  with  the  "  Marble  Faun  "  ? 

23.  Which  of  the  Seven  Wonders  belongs  to  this  age  ? 

24.  Define :  decarchy,  harmost,  Academy,  mausoleum,  Platonic,  Anabasis,  Apology 
of  Socrates,  Sacred  Band. 


35 


The  Greeks  of  Western  Hellas  (413-212  B.C.) 

I.  AFFAIRS  IN  SICILY  TO  413  B.C. 
II.  CARTHAGINIAN  INVASION  (409  B.C.)  :  Selinus,  Himera,  Agrigentum. 

III.  DIONYSIUS  I  OF  SYRACUSE  (405-367  B.C.). 

1.  Wars  with  Carthage. 

2.  Extension  of  power. 

3.  Character  and  achievements. 

IV.  DIONYSIUS  II  AND  DION. 

V.    TlMOLEON    THE    LIBERATOR  (344-336  B.C.). 

1.  Despots  expelled  ;  Carthaginians  defeated. 

2.  Sicily  freed  and  prosperity  restored. 

VI.  WESTERN  GREECE  TO  THE  ROMAN  CONQUEST  (212  B.C.). 

1.  Syracuse  under  Agathocles  and  Hiero  II. 

2.  Magna  Graecia  conquered  by  Italians. 

1.  Make  a  topical  outline  of  the  history  of  Syracuse  to  the  year  413  B.C. 

2.  Why  did  the  Carthaginians  invade  Sicily  in  409  B.C.  ?    What  did  they  accom- 
plish ? 

3.  Give  an  account  of  the  rise  of  Dionysius  I  to  power. 

4.  At    what    cost    did    Syracuse    become    the    greatest    city    of   western    Hellas  ? 
Why  has  she  been  called  "  at  once  the  Athens  and  the  Sparta  of  the  West  "  ? 

5.  What  did  the  orator  Lysias  mean  by  saying  "The  Hellenic  world  is  on  fire  at 
both  ends  "  ? 

6.  Sketch  a  map  of  the  kingdom  of  Dionysius  at  its  greatest  extent. 

7.  To  what  else  did  Dionysius  aspire  besides  political  power  ?    What  other  tyrant 
in  Greek  history  is  most  like  him  ?    In  what  respects  ? 

8.  Estimate  the  service  of  Dionysius  to  European  civilization. 

9.  What  circumstances  led  to  the  sending  of  Timoleon  to  Syracuse  ? 

10.  Give   an    account    of    the    achievements    of    Timoleon.    To    what    other    great 
generals  may  he  be  likened  ?    Contrast  the  behavior  of  Nicias  and  Timoleon 
in  trying  circumstances. 

11.  Describe   the   condition   of  the   Sicilian  cities  under  the  union   organized  by 
Timoleon. 

12.  What  was  the  effect  of  the  rule  of  Agathocles  upon  Sicily  ? 

13.  Why  did  the  western  Greeks  lose  their  freedom  and  become  subject  to  Rome? 

14.  What  monuments  of  Greek  civilization  may  be  seen  in  Sicily  to-day? 

15.  What  great  men  did  Sicily  give  to  the  world  of  Greek  thought?    Describe  the 
experiences  of  Plato  in  Syracuse. 

1 6.  Explain:    ballista,    quinquereme,    harbors    of    Syracuse,    sword    of    Damocles, 
Panhellenic,  the  hundredth  Olympiad. 


The  Rise  of  Macedonia  (Fourth  Century  B.C.) 

I.  THE  LAND  AND  PEOPLE  OF  MACEDONIA. 
II.  PHILIP  II  OF  MACEDON  (359-336  B.C.). 

1.  Inheritance  and  training. 

2.  Settlement  of  domestic  affairs. 

3.  Ambitious  plans. 

4.  Aggressions. 

a.  Chalcidice ;  Demosthenes. 

b.  Sacred  War ;  position  of  Philip. 

5.  Character  and  policy. 

III.  END  OF  GREEK  FREEDOM  (338  B.C.). 

1.  Hellenic  League  :   Chaeronea.. 

2.  Relations  established  by  the  council  at  Corinth. 

3.  Plans  for  invasion  of  Asia. 

IV.  RESULTS  OF  PHILIP'S  ACHIEVEMENTS. 

1.  Contrast  the  city-state  of  Athens  and  the  country-state  of  Macedon. 

2.  Compare  the  Athenians  with  the  Macedonians. 

3.  What  special  advantages  of  training  had  Philip  of  Macedon  ? 

4.  What  difficulties  faced  Philip  when  he  became  king? 

5.  By  what  means  did  Philip  unify  his  kingdom  ?    To  what  did  he  aspire  ? 

6.  How  did  Philip  come  into  conflict  with  Athens  ?    In  what  condition  was  Athens 
to  oppose  Philip  ? 

7.  What  circumstances  gave  Philip  his  first  foothold  within  the  gates  of  Greece  ? 

8.  Describe  the  making  of  the  orator  Demosthenes,  Philip's  greatest  opponent. 

9.  What  success  did  Demosthenes  have  in  stirring  up  the  Greeks  against  Philip  ? 

10.  Why  is  the  battle  of  Chaeronea  a  turning  point  in  the  world's  history  ? 

11.  How  were  the  affairs  of  Greece  settled  by  Philip  and  the  council  at  Corinth  ? 

12.  Describe  the  character  of   Philip.    What  means  did  he  use  to  gain  his  ends? 
Which  of  his  ambitious  plans  did  he  fail  to  carry  out  ? 

13.  Which  was  right,  Philip  or  Demosthenes? 

14.  Describe   the    army  of   Philip  and   Alexander,  —  its   make-up,  equipment,   and 
tactics. 

15.  Explain  the  changes  in  Greek  warfare  from  Homer's  time  to  the  age  of  Philip. 

1 6.  Trace  the  growth  of  the  purpose  of  the  Greeks  to  conquer  Persia. 

17.  What  is   meant  by  the  Macedonian  phalanx,   the  Philippics  of  Demosthenes, 
the  Pythian  games,  Delphian  Amphictyony,  Olynthiac  orations  ? 


Alexander's  Empire  and  the  Graeco-Oriental  World 

I.  CAREER  OF  ALEXANDER  THE  GREAT  (356-323  B.C.). 

1.  Early  life  and  education. 

2.  First  work  as  king  (336  B.C.). 

3.  Invasion  of  Asia. 

a.  Asia  Minor ;  Granicus,  Issus,  Tyre. 

I).  Egypt ;  Alexandria. 

c.  Persia  ;  Arbela  ;  the  Capitals. 

d.  Explorations. 

4.  Return  to  Babylon  and  the  end. 

5.  Character  and  purpose. 

6.  Results  of  Alexander's  work. 

II.  THE  GR/ECO-ORIENTAL  WORLD. (323-30  B.C.). 

1.  Partition  of  Alexander's  Empire. 

a.  Wars  of  the  generals. 

b.  Ipsus  (301  B.C.). 

2.  Macedon  and  the  Greeks. 

a.  Lamian  War  (323-321  B.C.). 

b.  Invasion  of  Gauls  (278  B.C.). 

c.  y^tolian  League. 

d.  Achaean  League. 

e.  Roman  Conquest  (146  B.C.). 

3.  Syria  under  the  Seleucidae  (312-65  B.C.). 

Spread  of  Hellenic  civilization. 

4.  Egypt  under  the  Ptolemies  (323-30  B.C.). 

Patronage  of  learning. 

5.  Culture  of  the  Alexandrian  Age. 

a.  Literature ;  characteristics. 

(1)  The  Septuagint. 

(2)  Histories  of  Manetho  and  Berosus. 

(3)  Aristotle,  Menander,  Theocritus. 

b.  Art ;  sculpture  and  painting. 

(1)  Lysippus,  Apelles. 

(2)  Schools  of  Pergamum  and  Rhodes. 


Alexander's  Empire  and  the  Graeco-Oriental  World 

1.  What  was  Alexander's  inheritance  from  his  father  and  mother  ?    In  what  respects 
was  he  remarkable  as  a  boy  ? 

2.  Tell  some  story  of  Alexander's  youth  which  shows  his  character.    Where  did  he 
first  show  ability  as  a  general  ? 

3.  How  did  Alexander  settle  the  troubles  attending  his  succession  ? 

4.  Why  did   not   Alexander   march   directly   upon  the  Persian  capitals  when    he 
started  on  the  conquest  of  Persia  ? 

5.  What  is  the  importance  of  the  battle  of  the  Granicus  ? 

6.  How  did  Alexander  settle  affairs  in  the  Asiatic  Greek  cities  ? 

7.  Explain  the  phrase,  "cutting  the  Gordian  knot." 

8.  What  is  interesting  about  the  battle  of  Issus  ? 

9.  Narrate  some  incident  which  shows  Alexander's  attitude  toward  the  Greeks. 

10.  Describe  Alexander's  siege  of  Tyre.    Why  did  the  city  have  such  a  hard  fate  ? 

11.  Did  Alexander  show  good  judgment  in  the  founding  of  Alexandria  in  Egypt? 

12.  Why  is  the  battle  of  Arbela  one  of  the  decisive  battles  of  the  world?    What 
memorable  saying  is  connected  with  this  battle  ? 

13.  Describe  the  triumphal  march  through  the  Persian  capitals. 

14.  Tell  the  story  of  Alexander's  pursuit  of  Darius  and  his  generals. 

15.  What  was  the  chief  value  of  the  campaigns  in  the  farther  east  ? 

1 6.  What  was  the  most  important  result  of  the  return  journey  to  Babylon  ? 

17.  What  were  the  plans  of  Alexander  for  his  new  empire  ?  for  further  conquest  ? 

18.  Relate  some  incident  which  shows  Alexander's  treatment  of  his  enemies.    Why 
were  his  soldiers  so  attached  to  him  ? 

19.  What  great  mistake  did  the  Greeks  make  in  their  treatment  of  Alexander? 

20.  Estimate  the  importance  to  the  world  of  Alexander's  achievements. 

21.  How  is  the  breaking  up  of  Alexander's  Empire  described  in  Daniel  viii  ? 

22.  What  were  the  results  of  the  Greek  struggle  for  freedom  in  the  Lamian  War  ? 

23.  How  did  the  ^tolian  and  Achaean  leagues  differ  in  character  ? 

24.  What  memorials  have  we  of  the  invasions  of  the  Gauls  in  the  third  century? 

25.  Which  rulers  were  the  most  worthy  successors  of  Alexander  ? 

26.  Give  an  account  of  the  work  of  the  Seleucidae  in  Asia. 

27.  Describe  Alexandria  as  a  center  of  learning  under  the  first  Ptolemies. 

28.  What  were  the  chief  contributions  of  Rhodes  and  Pergamum  to  Greek  art  ? 

29.  Trace  on  an  outline  map  the  campaigns  of  Alexander,  indicating  points  of 
special  interest. 

30.  Is  it  too  much  to  say  that  the  work  of  Alexander  the  Great  fills  a  larger  place  in 
the  world's  history  than  that  of  any  other  man  ? 


Review  Studies  on  Greek  History 

1.  What  forms  of  government  do  we  find  in  ancient  Greece,  and  what  were  the  good 
points  of  each  ? 

2.  Name  the  six  statesmen  who  in  your  opinion  most  influenced  Greek  history. 
Which  one  of  them  seems  to  have  served  his  country  most  disinterestedly  ? 

3.  What  did  patriotism  mean  to  a  Greek  ?    Name  some  Greek  patriots. 

4.  When  and  where  were  battles  fought  which  were  turning  points  in  Greek  history  ? 
State  in  each  case  the  new  conditions  created. 

5.  Name  the  different  Greek  states  that  attempted  to  make  an  empire.    What  caused 
failure  in  each  case  ? 

6.  Why   did   the   Greeks   never   become  politically   a  great  nation  ?    Is    it  to  be 
regretted  that  they  did  not  ? 

7.  Why  was  it  impossible  for  Athens  and  Sparta  to  be  "yokemates  "  ? 

8.  How  did  the  dress  of  the  Spartans  and  Athenians  differ  ?    Why  did  the  Spartans 
object  to  "  purple  robes  "  ? 

9.  Name  three  sculptors,  three  lawgivers,   three  dramatists,  and  three   historians 
of  Athens.    Can  you  do  as  much  for  Sparta  ? 

10.  Have  you  found  any  famous  women  among  the  Greeks  ? 

11.  What  is  the  dark  side  to  Greek  life  ? 

12.  What   does   Curtius  think   "the  grandest   and  most   truly  glorious  activity  of 
the  Greek  nation  "  ? 

13.  How  did  the  Greeks   date  events  ?    What  happened  in  the  third  year  of  the 
sixty-seventh  Olympiad  ? 

14.  What  was  the  legacy  of  the  Greeks  to  the  world  ? 

15.  What  does  Professor  Jebb  consider  the  most  beautiful  of  all  the  beautiful  things 
the  Greeks  created  ? 

1 6.  Why  may  we  never  hope  to  have  such  perfect  architecture  as  did  the  Greeks  ? 

17.  What  does  Bury  say  was  the  most  precious  thing  the  Greeks  showed  to  men? 

1 8.  Who  is  your  favorite  character  in  Greek  history?    Why? 

19.  How  did  the  Stoics  and  Epicureans  differ  in  their  ideas  of  virtue? 

20.  In  whom  did  Greek  philosophy  reach  its  height  ?    How  long  did  his  philosophy 
rule  the  intellectual  world  ?    Why  was  his  school  called  "peripatetic  "  ? 

21.  Is  it  correct  to  say  that  the  Greeks  had  "but  one  great  orator  "  ? 

22.  What  is  your  favorite  piece  of  Greek  sculpture  ?    Why  do  you  like  it  ? 

23.  Who  has  been  styled   "the  Tenth  Muse"?   "the  Father  of  Tragedy "?   "the 
prince   of   biographers"?    "the    philosopher   of   the   tub"?    "the    Raphael  of 
antiquity  "  ?    "  the  Father  of  Medicine  "  ? 


40 


The  Land  of  Italy 

I.  POSITION  OF  ITALY  IN  THE  MEDITERRANEAN. 
II.  CHARACTERISTIC   FEATURES. 

1.  Form  and  area. 

2.  Mountains  and  plains. 

3.  Rivers  and  lakes. 

4.  Coasts,  harbors,  and  islands. 

III.  CLIMATE  AND  PRODUCTIONS. 

IV.  COMPARISON  OF  ITALY  AND  GREECE. 

V.  INFLUENCE  OF  THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  ITALY  UPON  ITS  HISTORY. 

The  Early  Inhabitants  of  Italy 

I.  REMNANTS  OF  EARLY  PEOPLES. 

1.  Venetians. 

2.  Ligurians. 

3.  lapygians. 

II.  ITALIANS:  characteristics. 

1.  Umbro-Sabellians,  —  mountaineers. 

2.  Latins, — lowlanders. 

III.  INVADING  NATIONS  :  influence. 

1.  Etruscans,  —  "  the  Egyptians  of  the  West." 

2.  Greeks,  —  the  schoolmasters  of  the  Romans, 

3.  Gauls,  —  of  Celtic  stock. 


Studies  on  the  Land  and  People  of  Italy 

i.  Balance  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  the  position  of  Italy  in  the  Medi- 
terranean Sea. 
2..  What  did  the  name  "  Italy  "  mean  to  the  Romans  up  to  the  first  century  B.C.  ? 

3.  Why  was  civilization  slow  in  reaching  Italy  ? 

4.  Divide  the  surface  of  Italy  into  four  belts  and  give  the  characteristics  of  each. 

5.  Did  the  mountains  of  Italy  prevent  intercourse  as  did  those  of  Greece? 
,   6.   Locate  the  plains  of  Italy.    Give  some  idea  of  their  fertility. 

7.  Contrast  the  eastern  and  western  coasts  of  Italy.    Where  were  the  chief  harbors  ? 

8.  What  has  been  the  chief  benefit  to  Italy  of  her  rivers  and  lakes? 

9.  Compare  the  climate  and  productions  of  Italy  with  those  of  Greece. 

10.  To    what  dangers  were  the    Italians   subject   because    of   the   nature  of  their 
country? 

11.  What  does  geology  tell  us  of  the  formation  of  the  hills  of  Rome? 

12.  How  did  Rome's  conquests  help  to  give  her  an  unhealthful  climate? 

13.  What  does  Dionysius  say  of  Italy  in  comparing  it  with  other  lands? 

14.  Copy   into   your  notebook  Duruy's  summing  up  of  the   character  of  the  land 
of  Italy. 

15.  What  has  the  geography  of  Italy  to  do  with  the  work  of  Rome  in  history  ? 

1 6.  What  was  the  problem  of  defense  in  Italy?    How   only  could  it  be  solved? 

17.  Which  was  easier,  to  enter  or  to  leave  Italy  on  the  north  ? 

18.  Why  was  unity  within  Italy  difficult  ? 

19.  Where  do  we  find  the  remnants  of  the  earliest  inhabitants  of  Italy  in  historic 
times  ?    What  light  does  this   throw  upon  the  character  of  the  people  of  the 
true  Italian  stock  ? 

20.  How  did  the  Umbrians  and  Sabellians  differ  in  character  and  manner  of  life? 

21.  The  Etruscans.    Who  were  they?    What  was  their  civilization  ?    What  did  they 
teach  the  Romans  ? 

22.  What  elements  of  Greek  civilization  most  influenced  the  Romans? 

23.  How  has  our  knowledge  of  Roman  history  been  affected  by  the  Gauls? 

24.  What  was  the  work  of  the  Romans  with  respect  to  all  the  other  peoples  of 
Italy  ? 

25.  Explain  what  is  meant  by  "the  sacred  spring";   "in  the  Maremma  one  grows 
rich  in  a  year,  but  dies  in  six  months";    "the  standing  riddle  of  history." 

26.  On   an  outline  map  of  Italy  designate  by  colors  the  location  of  the  principal 
peoples. 


42 


'     /TV 

If 


Outline  of  Roman  History  to  A.D.  800 

f  Legends  of  the  Kings. 
I.      THE  MON-  Development  of  Institutions. 

ARCHY  < 

(753~509  B.C.(?))      Extension  of  Territory  and  Power. 
Public  Works. 


f  Struggle  of  the  Classes. 
I  C< 


II.  THE  REPUBLIC    '  Conquest  and  Unification  of  Italy. 
(5°9(?)-3I  B.C.)  ]  Conquest  of  the  Mediterranean. 

Revolution  from  Republic  to  Empire. 


f  Dyarchy  to  Monarchy. 

III.    THE  EMPIRE         Happiest  Period  of  the  Ancient  World. 
(3IB.C.-A.D.476)  I  Revolutions  to  Despotism. 

Barbarian  Invasions  to  Fall  of  Rome. 


f  The  West  :  Formation  of  Barbarian  Kingdoms. 

IV.     TRANSITION       j  The  East  .  One  Emperor  at  Constantinople. 

AGE  < 

(A.D.  476-800)      T^e  Church  and  Mohammedanism. 

^  Fusion  of  Roman  and  Teuton  in  the  New  Empire. 


43 


Prehistoric  Age:    Rome  under  the  Kings 

I.  LATIUM. 

1.  Early  civilization  of  the  Latins. 

2.  Latin  League. 

II.  BEGINNINGS  OF  ROME  (753  B.C.  (?)). 

1.  First  settlements. 

2.  Advantages  of  position. 

3.  Reasons  for  growth. 

III.  LEGENDS  OF  EARLY  ROME. 

1.  Credibility. 

2.  Work  of  the  first  four  kings. 

IV.  THE  ROMAN  PEOPLE. 

1.  The  family,  clients,  and  slaves. 

2.  Clans,  curies,  and  tribes. 

3.  Life  and  character. 

V.  THE  GOVERNMENT. 

1.  King:  duties  and  powers. 

2.  Senate :  constitution  and  functions. 

3.  Assembly  of  the  curies :  rights. 

4.  Citizens :  rights  and  privileges. 

VI.  THE  ROMAN  RELIGION  :  character  and  importance. 

VII.     ROME   UNDER    THE    TARQUINS. 

1.  Extension  of  power. 

2.  Public  works. 

3.  Reforms  of  Servius :  assembly  of  the  centuries. 

VIII.  EXPULSION  OF  THE  KINGS  (509  B.C.  (?)). 


44 


Studies  on  the  Prehistoric  Age :  The  Monarchy 

1.  Describe  the  country  of  Latium  and  the  settlements  in  early  times. 

2.  Do  you  find  that  the  formation  of  the  Latin  League  was  in  any  way  different 
from  the  formation  of  similar  leagues  in  Greece  ? 

3.  Have  any  remains  of  Mycenaean  civilization  been  found  in  the  Latin  cities  ? 

4.  What  advantages  of  position  led  to  the  founding  of  "  square  Rome "  on  the 
Palatine  ? 

5.  What  day  is  still  celebrated  as  the  birthday  of  Rome  ? 

6.  How  does  the  development  of  the  supremacy  of  Rome  in  Latium  compare  with 
that  of  Athens  in  Attica  ? 

7.  According  to  Goodspeed,  what  were  the  three  factors  in  the  making  of  Rome  ? 

8.  Make  a  list  of  the  legendary  kings,  stating  the  part  ascribed  to  each  in  the 
making  of  Rome. 

9.  What  points  in  the  history  of  this  period  dqes  Pelham  consider  "fairly  well 
established  "  ? 

10.  What  does  the  fact  that  the  Tarquins  were  of  Etruscan  origin  seem  to  prove  ? 

11.  Deduce  five  facts  concerning  the  regal  period  from  Ihne's  Early  Rome. 

12.  The  Roman  family  :  the  members  ;  authority  of  the  father  ;  sacredness  ;  depend- 
ents ;  influence  upon  the  state. 

13.  Trace  the  development  of  social  and  political  groups  in  the  Roman  state. 

14.  What  differences  do  you  find  between  the  government  of  Rome  under  the  kings 
and  the  Homeric  monarchy  ? 

15.  How  did  the  popular  assembly  in  Rome  resemble  a  New  England  town  meeting  ? 
In  what  important  respects  did  it  differ  ? 

1 6.  What  was  the  most  important  power  of  the  senate  ? 

17.  Distinguish  the  public  and  private  rights  of  a  Roman  citizen.     Is  there  any 
such  distinction  nowadays  ? 

1 8.  How  did  the  rights  of  a  patrician  differ  from  those  of  a  plebeian  ? 

19.  What  did  religio  mean  to  a  Roman  ?    How  did  the  religion  of  the  family  differ 

from  that  of  the  state  ? 

20.  What  was  the  political  importance  of  the  Roman  religion  ? 

21.  What  is  meant  by  the  sacred  colleges  ?    How  did  they  serve  the  state  ? 

22.  Point  out  the  marked  differences  between  the  Greek  and  Roman  religions. 

23.  What  important;  changes  within  and  without  Rome  resulted  from  the  rule  of  the 
Tarquins  ?    What  remains  of  works  ascribed  to  them  are  still  extant  ? 

24.  In  what  respects  are  the  reforms  of  Servius  similar  to  those  of  Solon  ? 

25.  Write  a  summary  of  the  chief  contributions  of  regal  Rome  to  the  republic. 

26.  Explain:    Servian   Wall,    Circus    Maximus,    Cloaca  Maxima,    Comitium,    Forum, 
Pontifex  Maximus,  Via  Sacra,  Campus  Martius,  Sibylline  Books,  Interrex. 


45 


Struggle  of  the  Classes :  Plebeians  win  Full  Rights  (509-286  B.C.) 

I.  FOUNDING  OF  THE  REPUBLIC. 

1.  Consuls  :  powers  and  duties. 

2.  Senate :  composition  and  power. 

3.  Assemblies :  composition  and  importance. 

II.  CONDITION  OF  THE  PLEBEIANS,  —  ECONOMIC,  SOCIAL,  CONSTITUTIONAL. 

III.  DEVELOPMENT  OF  PLEBEIAN  RIGHTS. 

1.  Private  rights  under  the  constitution. 

a.  Personal  protection  ;  tribunes  of  the  Plebs  (493  B.C.). 

b.  Organization  of  plebeian  assembly  of  the  tribes  (471  B.C.). 

c.  Public  lands ;  Spurius  Cassius. 

d.  Written  laws;  Twelve  Tables  (451  B.C.). 

e.  "Roman  Magna  Charta,"-— Valerio-Horatian  Laws  (449  B.C.). 
f.   Right  of  intermarriage ;  Canuleian  Law  (445  B.C.). 

2.  Public  rights :  to  hold  offices,  etc. 

a.  Consular  tribunate  (444  B.C.). 

b.  Quaestorship  (421  B.C.). 

c.  College  of  Keepers  of  Sibylline  Books  (368  B.C.). 

d.  Consulship ;  Licinian-Sextian  Laws  (367  B.C.). 

e.  Landless  plebeians  enrolled  in  tribes  (312  B.C.). 
/  Gradual  admission  to  all  offices  (before  300  B.C.). 

3.  Assemblies  made  independent  of  senate. 

a.  Assembly  of  centuries  by  Publilian  Law  (339  B.C.). 

b.  Assembly  of  tribes  by  Hortensian  Law  (286  B.C.). 

IV.  RESULT  OF  THE  STRUGGLE  TO  THE  ROMAN  STATE. 

1.  Constitutionally. 

2.  Actually. 


46 


Studies  on  Struggle  of  the  Classes  (509-286  B.C.) 

1.  Who  established  the  republic  ?    For  whose  benefit  ? 

2.  Show  in  how  many  ways  the  patricians  controlled  the  government  of  the  early 
republic.    What  were  their  two  strongest  weapons  ? 

3.  What  two  tasks  lay  before  the  aristocracy  at  the  beginning  of  the  republic  ? 

4.  What  were  the  rights  of  the  plebeians  under  the  constitution  ? 

5.  How  does  Livy  picture  the  real  condition  of  the  poor  plebeians  ?   What  grievances 
had  the  rich  plebeians  ? 

6.  What  special  reasons  were  there  for  the  plebeians  falling  into  debt  ? 

7.  What  did  the  plebeians  gain  by  secession  to  the  Sacred  Mount  ? 

8.  What  was  the  practical  result  of  the  plebeian  tribunate  ?    Could  it  possibly  bring 
harmony  ? 

9.  Why  was  the  land  question  the  "eternal  question  "  at  Rome  ?    How  was  public 
land  acquired  and  how  disposed  of  ? 

10.  What  advantages  came  to  the  plebs  from  the  Publilian  Law  of  471  B.C.? 

11.  Contrast  the  making  of  the  first  codes  of  laws  in  Athens  and  in  Rome. 

12.  Did  the  laws  of  the  Twelve  Tables  especially  benefit  the  plebeians?    Which  of 
them  remind  you  of  Solon's  laws  ? 

13.  If  an  embassy  was  sent  to  study  Athenian  laws,  in  what  condition  did  it  find 
Athens  ? 

14.  How  does  Appius  Claudius  appear  in  the  light  of  modern  criticism  ? 

1 5.  What  were  the  most  important  rights  established  by  the  "  Roman  Magna  Charta  "  ? 

1 6.  Trace  the  growth  of  the  power  of  the  tribunes  of  the  plebs. 

17.  Was    the   establishment   of    the    consular    tribunate   of    any   advantage   to   the 
plebeians  ? 

1 8.  When  the  patricians  dared  no  longer  withhold  an  office  from  the  plebs,  how  did 
they  lessen  the  fruits  of  victory  ? 

19.  Why  were  the  censors  important  officials  ?    Explain  how  our  word  " censorious" 
got  its  meaning. 

20.  When  and  by  what  means  did  the  plebeians  gain  legal  equality  with  the  patri- 
cians ?  social  equality  ?  religious  ?  political  ? 

21.  To  gain  a  law  before  450  B.C.,  what  steps  were  the  plebeians  obliged  to  take? 
What  laws  gradually  did  away  with  these  obligations  ? 

22.  The  government  of  Rome  in  286  B.C.    Who  controlled  it  ?    What  was  democratic 
about  it  ?    Was  there  any  trace  of  monarchy  ? 

23.  What  is  most  remarkable  about  the  struggle  between  the  plebeians  and  patricians  ? 

24.  Contrast  the  Athenian  and  Roman  assemblies. 

25.  Make  a  list  of  the  magistrates  of  the  republic,  indicating  the  duties  of  each. 

26.  Give  examples  of  the  importance  of  veto  power  in  the  Roman  government. 

27.  Define:    fasces,    curule    magistrates,    imperium,    jugerum,    dictator,    decemvirs, 
Twelve  Tables,   agrarian,  plebiscite,  rogation. 


47 


Conquest  and  Unification  of  Italy  (509-264  B.C.) 

I.  BORDER  WARS  WITH 

1.  Volscians,  ^Equians,  Sabines  :   Coriolanus  and  Cincinnatus. 

2.  Etruscans :   Siege  of  Veil ;  Camillas. 

II.    ROMANIZATION    OF    SOUTHERN     El'RURIA. 

III.  INVASION  OF  THE  GAULS  :  Sack  of  Rome  (390  B.C.). 

IV.  ROME  AND  THE  LATINS. 

1.  Treaty  of  493  B.C. 

2.  Effect  of  a  hundred  years  of  warfare. 

3.  Revolt  of  the  Latin  cities  (340-338  B.C.). 

4.  Dissolution  of  the  Latin  League  ;  municipalities. 

V.  SAMNITE  WARS  (343-290  B.C.). 

1.  Romans  and  Samnites  compared. 

2.  First  Samnite  War. 

3.  Second  Samnite  War  (326-304  B.C.). 

a.  Caudine  Forks. 

b.  Victory  of  Papirius. 

c.  Roman  advance  ;  Appian  Way. 

4.  Third  Samnite  War  (298-290  B.C.). 

a.  Coalition  against  the  power  of  Rome. 

b.  Sentinum  (295  B.C.). 

5.  Results  of  the  Samnite  wars. 

VI.  WAR  WITH  THE  GREEKS  (280-272  B.C.). 

1.  Causes:  remote  and  immediate. 

2.  Pyrrhus  at  Heraclea,  Asculum,  Beneventum. 

3.  Results. 

VII.  ORGANIZATION  OF  ITALY. 
z.   Political. 

a.  Roman  citizens  with  full  rights. 

b.  Roman  citizens  with  partial  rights. 

c.  Allies. 

2.   Military. 

a.  Colonies,  —  Roman  and  Latin. 

b.  Roads. 

VIII.  PROGRESS  IN  CIVILIZATION. 

1.  The  Roman  army,  —  organization,  equipment,  order  of  battle. 

2.  Old  Roman  life,  —  public  and  private. 


48 


Studies  on  the  Conquest  of  Italy  (509-264  B.C.) 

1.  In  what  double  struggle  was  Rome  engaged  in  the  first  century  of  the  republic  ? 

2.  What  saved  Rome  from  Etruscan  conquest  in  the  fifth  century  B.C.  ? 

3.  Why  were  the  Romans  at  a  disadvantage  in  the  border  wars  ? 

4.  Describe  the  triumph  of  Cincinnatus.    Who  was  the  "  Cincinnatus  of  America  "  ? 

5.  What  new  policy  towards  the  conquered  followed  the  conquest  of  Veii  ? 

6.  What  was  done  with  the  conquered  lands  in  Etruria  and  Latium  ? 

7.  Can  you  account  for  the  terror  of  the  Romans  at  the  approach  of  the  Gauls  ? 

8.  Compare  the  rebuilding  of  Rome  after  the  invasion  of  the  Gauls  with  that  of 
Athens  after  the  Persian  invasion. 

9.  What  had  been  the  provisions  of  the  perpetual  peace  between  Rome  and  the 
Latin  League  negotiated  in  493  B.C.  by  Spurius  Cassius  ? 

10.  Why  did  the  Latin  cities  take  up  arms  against  Rome?    What  great  gift  of  the 
Romans  to  political  science  was  the  result  of  the  Latin  War  ? 

11.  For  how  many  years  was  Rome  the  defender  of  northern  Italy  against  the  Gauls  ? 

12.  What  had  been  the  history  of  the  Campanians  before  their  appeal  to  Rome  in 
343  B.C.  ? 

13.  Compare  the  Romans  with  the  Samnites  in  character,  government,  and  military 
strength. 

14.  Which  did    the  people   of    Italy  prefer  as  conquerors,   Romans  or  Samnites? 
Why? 

15.  What  is  your  opinion  of  the  behavior  of  the  Romans  in  the  matter  of  the  treaty 
with  Pontius  ? 

1 6.  For  what  did  the  Romans  remember  "the  glorious  year  "  of  295  ? 

17.  Tell  the  story  of  the  life  of  Pyrrhus  previous  to  his  call  to  Italy. 

1 8.  What  testimony  did  Pyrrhus  and  other  Greeks  give  to  the  character  and  valor 
of  the  Romans  ? 

19.  By  what  means  did  Rome  become  supreme  in  Italy  ? 

20.  What  benefits  came  to  the  people  of  Italy  from  the  Roman  conquest  ? 

21.  Make  a  table  showing  the  political  organization  of  united  Italy.    What  principle 
was  it  based  upon  ? 

22.  What  were  the  rights  and  duties  of  the  subject  allies  of  Rome  ?    Were  the  sub- 
jects of  Athens  better  or  worse  off  in  these  respects  ? 

23.  How  did  a  Roman  colony  differ  from  a  Latin  colony  ?  from  a  Greek  colony  ? 

24.  Describe  the  making  of  a  Roman  road.    Where  were  these  roads  built  ? 

25.  What  is  true  of  Roman  vigor  in  this  period  ?    What  were  the  ideals  of  the  time  ? 

26.  Describe  the  changes  made  in  the  Roman  military  system  before  the  Punic  Wars. 

27.  Write  a  paper  on  old  Roman  life. 

28.  Explain:    maniple,    proconsul,   municipality,   "under    the   yoke,"  "gray  oxen," 
"a  Pyrrhic  victory,"  "  a  Gallic  tumult,"  "  Vcz  victis,"  Rostra. 


49 


& 


Conquest  of  the  Mediterranean  (264-133  B.C.) 

I.  FIRST  PUNIC  WAR  :  STRUGGLE  WITH  CARTHAGE  FOR  SICILY  (264-241  B.C.). 

1.  Foundation  and  growth  of  Carthage. 

2.  Rome  and  Carthage  contrasted. 

3.  The  War. 

a.  Causes  ;  remote  and  immediate. 

b.  Events ;   Mylae,  invasion  of  Africa,  Panormus,  Drepana, 
Hamilcar  Barca  in  Sicily,  ^Egates. 

c.  Results ;  effect  on  Rome  and  on  Carthage. 

II.   EVENTS  BETWEEN  FIRST  AND  SECOND  PUNIC  WARS  (241-218  B.C.). 

1.  Rome. 

a.  Organizes  her  provinces ;  Sicily,  Corsica  and  Sardinia. 

b.  Extends  her  power  to  the  Alps ;  war  with  the  Gauls. 

c.  Takes  first  step  toward  the  East ;  war  with  Illyrians. 

2.  Carthage. 

a.  Puts  down  rebellion  ;  Truceless  War. 

b.  Occupies  Spain ;  the  Barcas. 

III.  SECOND  PUNIC  OR  HANNIBALIC  WAR  (218-201  B.C.). 

1.  Causes:   Hannibal's  influence. 

2.  Events: 

a.  Hannibal's  march  into  Italy. 

b.  Campaigns  (218-216  B.C.). 

(1)  Ticinus,  Trebia,  Trasimenus. 

(2)  Policy  of  Fabius ;  progress  of  Hannibal. 

(3)  Cannae ;  results  to  Rome  and  to  Hannibal. 

c.  War  in  Sicily ;  siege  of  Syracuse. 

d.  War  in  Spain ;  the  Scipios. 

e.  Hasdrubal  in  Italy ;   Metaurus. 
/  War  in  Africa;  Zama. 

3.  Terms  of  peace. 

4.  Results :  condition  of  Carthage,  Rome,  and  Italy. 


Studies  on  the  Punic  Wars  (264-201  B.C.) 

1.  Which  were  the  foremost  nations  in  the  East  and  in  the  West  about  270  B.C.? 

2.  By  what  means  had  the  Phoenician  factory  at  Carthage  grown  into  the  Cartha- 
ginian Empire  ? 

3.  What  advantages  had  Rome  over  her  rival,  Carthage,  and  vice  versa  ? 

4.  How  does  the   struggle  between   Rome   and  Carthage  resemble   that  between 
Athens  and  Sparta  ?    How  do  the  two  contests  differ  ? 

5.  Had  Rome  any  right  to  invade  Sicily  ?    Who  took  the  responsibility  ? 

6.  How  does  the  First  Punic  War  bring  out  the  strong  and  weak  points  of  the 
contending  states  ? 

7.  What  was  the  naval  strength  of  Rome  at  the.  beginning  of  the  war  ?    How  was 
she  enabled  to  win  her  first  naval  victory  ? 

8.  What  caused  Rome  her  greatest  losses  in  the  First  Punic  War  ?    What  generous 
act  of  Roman  citizens  during  the  war  is  unparalleled  in  history  ? 

9.  What  valuable  services  did  Hiero  and  the  Greeks  render  to  Rome  ? 

10.  How  did  Rome  take  advantage  of  Carthage   in   making   the  Tyrrhenian   Sea 
"  a  Roman  lake  "  ?    Is  there  much  to  choose  between  Roman  and  Punic  faith  ? 

11.  In  what  way  was  the  Adriatic  made  a  Roman  sea  ? 

12.  When  and  how  did  Rome  gain  control  of  the  Po  valley?    What  had  Flaminius 
to  suffer  because  of  his  part  in  it  ? 

13.  How  were  Rome's  new  foreign  possessions  to  be  governed  ?    Why  were  they 
called  provinces  ? 

14.  Give  an  account  of  the  work  of  the  Barcas  in  Spain. 

15.  Write  a  character  sketch  of  Hannibal. 

1 6.  Describe   some   of    the  most   remarkable  experiences   of    Hannibal's   army   on 
their  march  into  Italy. 

17.  Show   how   Hannibal's   skill    in  strategy  enabled    him   to   defeat    the  Romans 
in  battle  after  battle.    Describe  from  a  plan  the  battle  of  Trasimenus. 

18.  Who  was  Hannibal's  "lackey  "  ?    Was  he  right  or  wrong  in  his  policy  ? 

19.  Prove  the  truth  of  the  statement,  "  Rome  is  most  to  be  feared  when  her  danger 
is  greatest." 

20.  In  how  many  different  directions  was  war  carried  on  after  Cannae  ?    How  was 
Hannibal  handicapped  ? 

21.  What  is  the  story  of  the  thirteen  years  that  Hannibal,  "  a  lion  at  bay,"  remained 
in  Italy  ? 

22.  How  did  Rome  punish  the  cities  that  opened  their  gates  to  Hannibal  ? 

23.  Describe  the  engines  of  Archimedes  which  defended  Syracuse  by  sea. 

24.  Show  what  Rome  owed  to  the  Scipios  in  this  war. 

25.  Who  finally  conquered  Hannibal  and  by  what  means  ? 

26.  How  does  Polybius  think  Hannibal  might  have  accomplished  all  his  purposes  ? 


Conquest  of  the  Mediterranean  (continued) 

IV.   EVENTS  BETWEEN  THE  SECOND  AND  THIRD  PUNIC  WARS. 

1.  Condition  of  the  East. 

2.  Acquisition  of  Greece. 

a.  First  and  Second  Macedonian  Wars;  Cynoscephalae  (197  B.C.). 

b.  Third  Macedonian  War;   Pydna  (168  B.C.). 

c.  Achaean  War;   Corinth  (146  B.C.). 

3.  Acquisition  of  Asia. 

a.  War  with  Antiochus  ;   Magnesia  (190  B.C.). 

b.  Settlement  of  the  East. 

4.  Effect  upon  Rome  of  her  eastern  conquests. 

V.  THIRD  PUNIC  WAR  (149-146  B.C.). 

1.  Causes:   Roman  perfidy. 

2.  Defense  of  Carthage. 

3.  Destruction  of  Carthage  :   Scipio  yEmilianus. 

VI.   IMPORTANCE  OF  ROME'S  TRIUMPH  OVER  CARTHAGE. 
VII.   NUMANTINE  WAR  (143-133  B.C.). 

1.  Condition  of  Spain. 

2.  Destruction  of  Numantia. 

3.  Spain  Romanized. 

1.  What  were  the  relations  of  the  great  and  small  states  in  the  East  about  200  B.C.  ? 

2.  Was  Rome  anxious  to  interfere  in  eastern  affairs  ?    Why  did  she  do  so  ? 

3.  How  did  the  Roman  soldiers  behave  in  the  East  ?    Give  some  examples. 

4.  What  was  Rome's  policy  in  the  East  ?    Was  it  a  success  ? 

5.  Why  was  it  useless  f  or  Flamininus  to  declare  the  Greek  states  free  and  independent? 

6.  When  and  where  did  the  Macedonian  phalanx  receive  its  death  blow? 

7.  Describe  the  triumphal  procession  of  TEmilius  Paulus  after  Pydna. 

8.  Outline  the  history  of  the  great  state  of  Macedon  from  216  to  146  B.C. 

9.  Balance  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  Roman  supremacy  in  the  Medi- 
terranean. 

10.   Compare  the  federal  policy  of  Rome  in  Italy  with  her  imperial  policy  outside. 
n.   In  what  light  does  the  story  of  the  destruction  of   Carthage  and  Numantia 
place  Roman  character  and  methods  of  warfare  ? 

1 2.  Show  good  and  evil  effects  of  foreign  conquest  upon  Roman  character  and  culture. 

13.  What  were  the  characteristics  of  the  two  men  of  this  age  who  best  typify  old 
and  new  Rome  ? 

14.  Who  was  Antiochus?  Perseus?  Viriathus  ?  Polybius  ?  Flamininus?  Marcellus  ? 
Regulus  ?  Varro  ?  ^Emilius  Paulus  ?  a  publican  ?  a  propraetor  ? 

15.  On  an  outline  map  show  the  extent  of  Roman  and  Carthaginian  territory  at  the 
beginning  and  end  of  this  period  of  foreign  conquest.    Trace  also  Hannibal's 
route  from  Saguntum  to  Cannae. 

52 


Last  Century  of  the  Republic  :  First  Period  (133-78  B.C.) 

I.  POLITICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  CONDITIONS. 

1.  Government :  growth  of  the  power  of  the  senate. 

2.  Classes :  Optimates,  Populares,  Equites. 

3.  Provinces :   number,  condition. 

4.  Slavery :  Servile  Wars. 

5.  Agrarian  conditions. 

II.  REVOLUTIONARY  ATTEMPTS  AT  REFORM   (133-121  B.C.). 

1.  Tiberius  Gracchus:   attempt  at  agrarian  reform. 

2.  Gaius  Gracchus :   attempt  at  constitutional  reform. 

3.  Character  and  achievements  of  the  Gracchi. 

III.  RULE  OF  THE  OPTIMATES. 

1.  War  with  Jugurtha  (111-105  B-C.). 

2.  Invasion  of  Cimbri  and  Teutones  (113-101  B.C.). 

3.  Reorganization  of  the  army  by  Marius. 

4.  Attempts  at  reform  :  Saturninus  and  Glaucia  ;  Drusus. 

5.  Social  War :  important  results. 

IV.  MARIUS  AND  SULLA  (88-78  B.C.). 

1.  Struggle  for  command  of  Mithradatic  War. 

2.  Revolution  of  Marius  and  Sulpicius. 

3.  Marius  in  exile. 

4.  Rule  of  Marius  and  Cinna :   massacres. 

5.  Sulla  in  the  East. 

6.  Return  of  Sulla :  proscriptions. 

7.  Sulla's  legislation. 

8.  Results  of  Sulla's  rule. 


53 


Studies  on  the  Gracchi,  Marius,  and  Sulla  (133-78  B.C.) 

1.  "By  all  men  it  was  taken  for  granted  that  nothing  remained  but  to  obey  the 
commands  of  the  Romans."    What  effect  did  this  state  of  feeling  have  upon 
Roman  character  ? 

2.  How  had  the  senate  come  to  have  full  control  of  the  Roman  government  ? 

3.  What  relations  existed  between  the  classes  of  Roman  citizens  at  the  beginning 
of  the  revolution  ? 

4.  Show  the  effect  of  capitalism  upon  the  business  and  industrial  life  of  Rome. 

5.  Contrast  the  life  of  a  Roman  of  the  fifth  century  and  that  of  a  Roman  of  the 
second. 

6.  Prove  the  truth  of  the  statement,  "  Capitalism  and  culture  destroyed  the  old 
Roman  character  without  putting  anything  better  in  its  place." 

7.  What  were  the  most  terrible  features  of  Roman  slavery  ?    Quote  Cato  on  the 
treatment  of  slaves.     Explain  the  origin  of  brigandage. 

8.  What  was  the  effect  of  the  Second  Punic  War  upon  Italy  and  upon  the  relations 
of  Rome  and  the  Italians  ?    Did  the  condition  of  Italy  improve  thereafter  ? 

9.  Tiberius  and  Gaius  Gracchus :  their  birth  and  education  ;  how  did  they  differ 
in  character  and  ability? 

10.  What  opened  the  eyes  of  Tiberius  Gracchus  to  the  need  of  reform?    What  did 
he  try  to  do  ?    What  mistake  did  he  make  ? 

11.  The  purpose  of  Gaius  Gracchus ;  his  most  important  measures  and  dictatorial 
rule. 

12.  In  what  respects  do  you  find  the  Gracchi  more  Greek  than  Roman  ? 

13.  Of  what  avail  was  the  sacrifice  of  the  Gracchi?    How  did  the  Romans  remem- 
ber them  ? 

14.  What  striking  contrasts  do  you  find  between  the  struggle  of  the  Gracchi  and 
that  of  the  plebeians  ? 

15.  How  does  Roman  character  appear  in  the  war  with  Jugurtha? 

1 6.  What  threefold  conflict  resulted  from  the  misgovernment  of  the  Optimates  ? 

17.  How  did  the  invasion  of  the  Cimbri  and  the  Teutones  differ  from  the  earlier 
invasion  of  the  Gauls  ?    Where  was  the  Cimbric  Chersonese  ? 

1 8.  How  did  the  reorganization  of  the  army  by  Marius  affect  the  revolution  ? 

19.  Why  did  Marius  lose  the  confidence  of  both  political  parties?    Why  did  he  fail 
to  fulfill  his  destiny  ? 

20.  What  caused  war  between  Rome  and  the  Italians  ?    Who  were  the  nominal  and 
who  the  real  victors  ?    What  was  needed  to  make  the  enfranchisement  of  the 
Italians  effective  ? 

21.  Explain  :  "  For  the  first  time  a  Roman  magistrate  used  a  regular  army  to  reduce 
the  Capital." 

22.  Draw   a   character  sketch   of   Mithradates   the  Great  according  to   Mommsen. 
Does  it  help  you  to  understand  why  the  eastern  peoples  had  welcomed  Roman 
rule? 

23.  Why  did  Sulla  succeed  where  Marius  failed?    Which  of  Sulla's  reforms  had  any 
lasting  effect  ? 

?4.   Why  did  the  careers  of  Sulla  and  Marius  hasten  imperial  rule  ? 

54 


Last  Century  of  the  Republic:  Second  Period  (78-31  B.C.) 

I.  POMPEY  THE  GREAT. 

1.  War  with  Sertorius. 

2.  War  of  the  Gladiators  :   Spartacus. 

3.  Consulship  of  Pompey  and  t'rassus :   prosecution  of  Verres. 

4.  War  with  the  pirates. 

5.  Pompey  in  the  East. 

a.  Mithradatic  War. 

b.  Reorganization  of  the  East. 

6.  Consulship  of  Cicero  (63  B.C.)  :   conspiracy  of  Catiline. 

II.  JULIUS  CAESAR  (100-44  B.C.). 

1.  Career  before  60  B.C. 

2.  First  Triumvirate :  division  of  the  Roman  world. 

3.  Conquest  of  Gaul. 

a.  Condition  of  Gaul. 

b.  Eight  campaigns. 

c.  Romanizing  of  Gaul. 

4.  Rivalry  of  Caesar  and  Pompey  :  death  of  Crassus. 

5.  Civil  War  (49-46  B.C.). 

a.  Caesar  crosses  the  Rubicon  (49  B.C.). 

b.  Restores  order  in  Italy. 

c.  Conquers  Pompey  at  Pharsalus  (48  B.C.). 

d.  Settles  affairs  in  Egypt. 

e.  Defeats  Pharnaces  at  Zela  (47  B.C.). 

f.  Crushes  republicans  at  Thapsus  (46  B.C.). 

g.  Stamps  out  revolt  in  Spain  at  Munda  (45  B.C.). 

6.  Caesar  as  a  statesman. 

a.  Reforms  the  government  of  Italy  and  the  provinces. 

b.  Begins  economic  and  judicial  reforms. 

c.  Plans  public  works. 

7.  Death  of  Caesar  (44  B.C.). 

8.  Estimate  of  his  work. 


Studies  on  Pompey  and  Caesar 

1.  What  resemblance  do  you  find  between  Pompey  and  Marius  ?    Which  was  the 
better  man  ? 

2.  Relate  some  incident  which  shows  the  honor  or  genius  of  Sertorius. 

3.  What  dangers  threatening  the  Roman  government  showed  its  weakness  about 

70  B.C.? 

4.  Who  should  have  chief  credit  for  the  defeat  of  the  gladiators  ?    What  was  Pom- 
pey's  boast  ? 

5.  What  change  in  government  followed  the  election  of  Pompey  and  Crassus  ? 

6.  What  does  the  career  of  Verres  show  was  possible  to  a  Roman  governor  ? 

7.  How  do  the  extraordinary  powers  granted  to  -Pompey  speak  for  the  condition  of 
the  government  ?    Why  did  Pompey  fail  to  gain  the  crown  ? 

8.  How  did  Cicero  win  the  title  "savior  of  his  country  "  ?    Explain  this  statement, 
"  The  first  « democratic  consul '  was  selected  to  destroy  the  palladium  of  the 
ancient  freedom  of  the  Roman   Commonwealth." 

9.  What  was  Sulla's  opinion  of  Julius  Caesar  ?    What  was  Caesar's  reputation  as  a 
young  man  ? 

10.  Tell  the  story  of  Caesar's  experience  with  the  pirates. 

11.  What  did  each  of  the  members  of  the  first  triumvirate  bring  to  the  "ring"? 
What  did  each  of  them  want  ? 

12.  Describe  some  of  Caesar's  most  remarkable  experiences  in  Gaul. 

13.  Supposing  Caesar  had  not  conquered  Gaul,  —  what  then  ? 

14.  How  did  Caesar  and  Pompey  vie  with  each  other  to  keep  the  votes  of  the  people  ? 

15.  Explain  the  circumstances   which  made   it  necessary  for   Casar   to   cross   the 
Rubicon. 

1 6.  What  did  the  people  expect  when  Caesar  marched  into  Italy  at  the  head  of  his 
legions  ?    Were  they  disappointed  ? 

17.  Trace  upon  an  outline  map  Caesar's  travels  in  his  winning  of  the  world. 

1 8.  Did  the  spirit  and  purpose  of  Caesar  justify  the  means  he  used  ? 

19.  In  what  measures  is  Caesar's  statesmanship  best  shown  ? 

20.  Why  was  the  murder  of  Caesar  "  as  imbecile  as  it  was  wicked  "  ? 

21.  How  is  it  true  that  "like  Alexander  of  Macedon,  Caesar  closes  one  chapter  of 
world-history  and  opens  another  "  ? 

22.  What  were  the  particular  gifts  of  "the  foremost  man  of  all  this  world  "  ? 

23.  Copy  into  your  notebook  How  and  Leigh's  estimate  of  Caesar's  greatness. 

24.  How  does  Sallust  contrast  the  characters  of  Marcus  Cato  and  Julius  Caesar  ? 

25.  What  is  meant  by  the  Julian  calendar,  the  feasts  of  Lucullus,  tribunician  power, 
the  Ides  of  March,  "the  die  is  cast,"  apotheosis  of  Caesar? 

26.  For   what    are   these  famous :    Vercingetorix,   Brutus,   Zela,   Pompey's   theater, 
Catiline,   Cilicia,   Spartacus,  Julian  Pillar  ? 


Last  Century  of  the  Republic :  Second  Period  (continuea) 

III.  STRUGGLE  FOR  THE  SUCCESSION  (44-31  B.C.). 

1.  Parties  in  Rome  after  the  death  of  Caesar. 

2.  Second  Triumvirate  :  proscriptions. 

3.  Last  struggle  of  the  Republic :   Philippi. 

4.  Octavius  and  Antony  divide  the  world. 

5.  Antony  in  the  East :  Actium. 

IV.  AUGUSTUS,  SOLE  RULER  :   REASONS  FOR  THE  FALL  OF  THE  REPUBLIC. 
V..  THE  CICERONIAN  AGE. 

1.  History:  Sallust,  Caesar. 

2.  Oratory  :   Gaius  Gracchus,  Hortensius,  Cicero. 

3.  Poetry  :   Lucretius,  Catullus. 

4.  Books  and  libraries  :  Varro's  encyclopedia. 

1.  What  did  Caesar's  death  mean  for  Rome  ?    Who  sought  to  gain  his  power  ? 

2.  Explain  Cicero's  declaration,  "The  tyrant  is  dead  but  the  tyranny  still  lives." 

3.  How  did  the  relations  of  Octavius  and  the  senate  differ  before  and  after  Mutina  ? 

4.  In  what  did  the  Second  Triumvirate  differ  from  the  first  ?    How  did  the  triumvirs 
cover  themselves  with  infamy  ? 

5.  Estimate  the  service  of  Cicero  to  his  country.    How  did  he  fall  short  of  greatness  ? 

6.  What  was  the  result  of  the  battle  of  Philippi  ?    Who  and  what  does  the  name 
suggest  ? 

7.  What  charges  against  Mark  Antony  caused  the  senate  to  declare  him  a  traitor? 

8.  What  does  the  battle  of  Actium  mark?    Why  is  the  date  27  B.C.  preferred  for 
the  beginning  of  the  empire  ? 

9.  What  explains  the  prevalence  of  suicide  in  this  period  ? 

10.   Write  briefly  the  reasons  for  the  change  from  republic  to  empire. 

n.   What  conditions  in  the  Roman  state  made  the  rule  of  one  imperative  ? 

12.  What  was  the  origin  of  Roman  literature  ?    Who  was  the  founder  of  Latin  prose  ? 

13.  Who  did  most  to  develop  the  beginnings  of  Roman  literature  ? 

14.  In  which  departments  of  literature  did  the  Romans  excel?    In  which  did  they 
fall  short  of  excellence  ? 

15.  What  was  the  first  schoolbook  of  a  Roman  boy?  the  second? 

1 6.  What  qualities  of  the  Romans  made  them  great  orators? 

17.  Compare  the  Roman  stage  with  the  Greek.    How  did  the  amusements  of  a  Roman 
differ  from  those  of  a  Greek  ? 

1 8.  What  influence  is  clearly  marked  in  the  literature  of  the  Ciceronian  Age  ? 

19.  Who  was  the  model  of  Sallust  ?  of  Cicero  ?    Why  is  Caesar  a  model  historian  ? 

20.  Describe  the  making  of  a  Roman  book.    What  took  the  place  of  our  newspaper  ? 


57 


First  Century  of  the  Empire :  Dyarchy  to  Monarchy 

I.  ESTABLISHMENT  OF  THE  EMPIRE:   REIGN  OF  AUGUSTUS  (31  B.C.-A.D.  14). 

1.  Character  and  policy  of  Augustus. 

2.  The  dyarchy,  —  monarchy  and  republic. 

3.  Government  of  Italy  and  of  the  provinces. 

4.  The  frontiers :  defeat  of  Varus. 

5.  Augustan  Age  :  Maecenas. 

a.  Literature ;  Livy,  Horace,  Vergil,  Ovid. 

b.  Public  works. 

c.  Social  and  religious  life  ;  worship  of  the  emperor. 

II.  THE  JULIAN  CAESARS  (A.D.  14-68). 

1.  Tiberius,  a  worn-out  soldier. 

a.  Change  in  government  ;  delators. 

b.  Rule  of  Se janus. 

c.  Rise  of  Christianity. 

2.  Caligula:  an  "insane  career." 

3.  Claudius,  liberal  and  humane. 

a.  Extension  of  the  franchise. 

b.  Conquest  of  Britain. 

c.  Public  works  ;  Claudian  aqueduct. 

4.  Nero,  a  selfish  egotist. 

a.  Influence  of  Seneca  and  Burrhus. 

b.  The  "Great  Fire." 

c.  Rome  rebuilt;  the  "Golden  House." 

III.  THE  YEAR  OF  REVOLUTIONS  (A.D.  68-69):  Galba,  Othd,  Vitellius. 

IV.  THE  FLAVIAN  C/ESARS  (A.D.  69-96). 

1.  Vespasian,  able,  upright,  broad-minded. 

a.  Military  achievements ;  destruction  of  Jerusalem. 

b.  Improvement  of  conditions  in  Rome  ;  Quintilian. 

c.  Public  works  ;  Colosseum. 

2.  Titus,  kind  but  weak. 

a.  Destruction  of  Herculaneum  and  Pompeii. 

b.  Public  works  ;  Arch  of  Titus. 

3.  Domitian,  a  despot. 

a.  Defense  of  northern  frontiers. 

b.  Agricola  in  Britain. 

c.  Persecution  of  the  Christians. 


Studies  on  the  First  Century  of  the  Empire 

1.  Why  may  the  government  established  by  Augustus  be  called  a  dyarchy  ?    What 
was  it  in  fact  ? 

2.  Enumerate  the  titles  of  Augustus  and  show  what  power  was  conferred  by  each. 
How  many  of  these  titles  are  still  used  in  the  modern  world  ? 

3.  How  did  the  division  of  the  government  of  the  provinces  affect  their  condition  ? 

4.  What  was  the  policy  of  Augustus  with  respect  to  the  frontiers  ?    How  did  Varus 
undo  the  work  of  Tiberius  on  the  German  frontier  ? 

5.  What  is  the  historical  importance  of  the  victory  of  Arminius  ? 

6.  What  was  the  chief  aim  of  Augustus  ?    How  did  the  writers  of  the  age  support 
his  policy  ? 

7.  Outline  the  story  of  the  ^Eneid.    Of  what  did  Horace  write  ? 

8.  Describe  the  principal  public  improvements  of  Augustus.    What  did  he  claim  to 
have  done  for  Rome? 

9.  What  were  the  most  striking  features  of  life  at  Rome  under  Augustus  ? 

10.  What  was  the  most  vital  force  in  the  religion  of  this  period  ? 

11.  What  event  of  the  reign  of  Augustus  is  of  most  interest  to  the  Christian  world  ? 

12.  Why  do  historians  give  Augustus  such  high  praise? 

13.  What  was  the  condition  of  affairs  when  Tiberius  became  emperor?    What  were 
the  good  points  of  his  administration  ? 

14.  In  what  respects  was  Claudius  a  worthy  successor  to  Julius  Caesar? 

15.  Why  is  Claudius  better  remembered  than  most  Roman  emperors? 

1 6.  Was  Nero  "  as  black  as  he  has  been  painted  "  ? 

17.  Why  has  the  "Great  Fire  "  been  called  "a  blessing  in  disguise"  ? 

18.  What  improvement  do  we  find  in  the  condition  of  slaves  under  Claudius  and 
Nero  ? 

19.  What  does  the  life  of  Seneca  show  was  the  weakness  of  Stoicism  ?    Of  the  two 
Stoics,  Seneca  the  lord  and  Epictetus  the  slave,  which  was  the  greater  ? 

20.  What  is  meant  by  "the  good  Roman  peace  "  ? 

21.  How  did  Vespasian  reform  the  political  and  social  life  of  Rome  ?    Of  what  assist- 
ance was  Quintilian  ? 

22.  Why  may  the  Colosseum  be  said  to  illustrate  "the  grandeur  and  the  depravity 
of  Rome  "  ? 

23.  What  has  the  modern  world  gained  from  the  destruction  of  Pompeii?    Write  a 
description  and  draw  a  plan  of  the  house  of  Pansa. 

24.  Why  is  the  Arch  of  Titus  so  famous  ? 

25.  What  was  the  origin  of  Roman  architecture  ?  the  purpose  ?   What  were  the  prin- 
cipal forms  ?  the  characteristics  ? 

26.  How  was  it  that  the  provincials  could  bless  the  memory  of  such  a  despot  as 
Domitian  ? 

27.  Explain  :  Monumentum  Ancyranum,  deification  of  the  emperor,  delations,  Augustan 
Age,  praetorian  guard,  Law  of  Majestas,  "  I  have  lost  a  day." 


59 


Second  Century  of  the  Empire:   "  Golden  Age  of  Humanity'* 

I.  THE  FIVE  GOOD  EMPERORS  (A.D.  96-180). 

1.  Nerva:  restoration  of  senatorial  power. 

2.  Trajan,  first  provincial  emperor. 

a.  Extension  of  frontiers  ;   Dacia. 

b.  New  provinces  in  the  East. 

c.  Public  works  ;  Trajan's  Forum  and  Column. 

3.  Hadrian,  able  and  wise. 

a.  Tours  of  inspection. 

b.  Defense  of  Britain  ;   Hadrian's  Wall. 

c.  Public  works  in  Athens  and  Rome  ;  Tomb  of  Hadrian. 

d.  Reforms  in  the  army  and  in  the  administration  of  government, 

4.  Antoninus  Pius :  peace. 

5.  Marcus  Aurelius,  the  emperor-philosopher. 

a.  War  with  Parthians  and  Marcomanni. 

b.  Pestilence. 

c.  Persecution  of  the  Christians. 

II.  CONDITION  OF  THE  PROVINCES  IN  THE  SECOND  CENTURY  A.D. 

III.  THE  SILVER  AGE  OF  LITERATURE. 

1.  History:  Tacitus,  Suetonius. 

2.  Letters :   Pliny  the  Younger. 

3.  Satire :   Juvenal. 

4.  Philosophy :   Marcus  Aurelius. 

5.  Jurisprudence :  Julianus. 

IV.  REVIVAL  OF  HELLENIC  LITERATURE. 

1.  History:   Appian,  Arrian. 

2.  Biography:   Plutarch. 

3.  Travels :   Pausanias. 

4.  Science :   Galen,  Ptolemy. 


Studies  on  the  Second  Century  of  the  Empire 

1.  What  was  the  form  of  government  in  the  second  century  ? 

2.  What  do  you  consider  Nerva's  chief  service  to  the  state  ? 

3.  When  was  the  Roman  Empire  at  its  greatest  extent  ?    Point  out  the  additions 
made  by  Trajan. 

4.  Describe  the  "  chiseled  picture  book  "  left  by  Trajan. 

5.  What  idea  of  Trajan's  character  do  you  get  from  his  letters  to  Pliny  ? 

6.  Outline  the  reforms  made  in  administration  by  Hadrian.    Why  was  he  called 
"Greekling"? 

7.  What  monuments  still  attest  the  greatness  of  Hadrian  ?     Distinguish  the  Pan- 
theon from  the  Parthenon. 

8.  What  did  Rome  and  Italy  become  under  imperial  administration  ? 

9.  What  epigram  does  the  rule  of  Antoninus  Pius  suggest  ?    Is  parental  rule  such 
as  his  good  for  a  people  ? 

10.  Who  originated  the  legal  principle  that  an  accused  person  should  be  considered 
innocent  until  proved  guilty  ? 

11.  Show  how  "  coming  events  cast  their  shadows  before"  in  the  reign  of  Aurelius. 

1 2.  Why  has  the  world  so  much  sympathy  for  Marcus  Aurelius  ?  Make  some  selections 
from  his  Meditations. 

13.  What  was  the  danger  in  this  magnificent  but  autocratic  imperial  administration  ? 

14.  Can  you  account  for  the  fact  that  the  Christians  were  severely  persecuted  under 
good  emperors  ? 

15.  How  does  the  literature  of  the  second  century  show  the  unity  of  the  empire  ? 

1 6.  Do  Tacitus  and  Juvenal  give  a  true  picture  of  the  life  of  their  times  ? 

17.  What  were  the  traits  of  a  gentleman  of  the  age  as  exhibited  by  Pliny  ? 

1 8.  In  what  works  do  we  find  the  foundations  of  European  codes  of  law  ? 

19.  Give  some  quotations  which  show  "the  gentler  spirit  of  imperial  law." 

20.  What  great  names  do  we  find  in  the  revival  of  Hellenic  literature  ? 

21.  For  what  are  we  especially  indebted  to  Pausanias  ?    Which  of  the  writers  of  this 
period  have  you  read  most  ? 

22.  Write  a  paper  on  the  condition  of  the  provinces  in  the  early  empire. 

23.  How  was  the  empire  defended  ?    Compare  the  forces  of  the  Christian  nations 
now  occupying  the  old  Roman  territory,  with  the  imperial  forces. 

24.  What  reasons  had  Gibbon  for  saying,  "  If  a  man  were  called  upon  to  fix  the 
period  in  the  history  of  the  world  during  which  the  condition  01  the  human 
race  was  most  happy  and  prosperous,  he  would  without  hesitation  name  that 
which  elapsed  from  the  death  of  Domitian  to  the  accession  of  Commodus  "  ? 

25.  On  an  outline  map  show  the  limits  of  the  empire  under  Augustus  and  under 
Trajan. 


61 


Third  and  Fourth  Centuries  of  the  Empire  (A.D.  180-376) 

I.  BEGINNING  OF  THE  DECLINE  OF  THE  EMPIRE. 

1.  Commodus,  a  second  Nero. 

2.  Sale  of  the  Empire. 

II.  THE  "BARRACK  EMPERORS":  A  CENTURY  OF  REVOLUTION  (A.D.  192-284). 

1.  Septimius  Severus,  firm  and  clear-headed. 

a.  Improvement  of  administration. 

b.  Strengthening  of  frontiers. 

c.  Development  of  Roman  law. 

2.  Caracalla  :  extension  of  the  franchise. 

3.  Age  of  the  Thirty  Tyrants  (A.D.  251-268):   inroads  of  barbarians. 

4.  Aurelian,  energetic  and  despotic. 

a.  War  on  the  frontiers ;  Aurelian  Wall. 

b.  Fall  of  Palmyra ;  Zenobia. 

III.  THE  ABSOLUTE  EMPERORS  (A.D.  284-376). 

1.  Diocletian,  a  man  of  genius  and  force  of  will. 

a.  Court  life. 

b.  Administrative  system. 

c.  Persecution  of  the  Christians. 

2.  Constantine  the  Great  (A.D.  306-337). 

a.  Struggle  for  the  succession ;  battle  of  the  Milvian  Bridge. 

b.  Christianity  the  religion  of  the  court ;   Edict  of  Milan. 

c.  Foundation  of  Constantinople,  —  New  Rome  (A.D.  330). 
d.   Reorganization  of  the  Empire ;  hierarchy  of  officials. 

3.  Julian  the  Apostate  and  the  pagan  restoration. 

IV.  SOCIAL  AND  ECONOMIC  DECAY. 

V.  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  CHRISTIAN  CHURCH. 


62 


Studies  on  the  Third  and  Fourth  Centuries  of  the  Empire 

1.  In  what  three  respects  did  the  empire  decline  in  the  third  century  ? 

2.  How  many  emperors  do  we  find  in  the  third  century,  and  what  was  the  average 
length  of  their  reigns  ? 

3.  What  conditions  made  it  natural  that  the  armies  should  make  the  emperors? 

4.  Show  with  what  good  effect  the  military  emperors  fought  the  enemies  of  the 
empire. 

5.  Account  for  the  fact  that  such  a  tyrant  as  Caracalla  should  have  bestowed  citizen- 
ship so  liberally. 

6.  Why  do  Papirian  and  Ulpian,  the  jurists,  deserve  to  be  called  "  the  glory  of  the 
reigns  of  the  house  of  Severus  "? 

7.  What  parallel  to  the  rule  of  the  Thirty  Tyrants  in  Rome  do  you  find  in  Greek 
history  ?    Compare  the  two  periods. 

8.  Why  was  the  Aurelian  Wall  "  a  monument  of  the  weakness  and  decay  of  Rome  "? 

9.  Give  some  account  of  the  ruins  of  Palmyra.    Do  you  find  Zenobia  in  any  way  a 
contrast  to  Cleopatra  ? 

10.  What  effect  did  the  storms  of  the  third  century  have  upon  the  social  and  economic 
life  of  the  state  ? 

11.  How  was   the   loss   in   population  in   a   measure  made  up?    Who  filled  up  the 
depleted  ranks  of  the  army  ? 

12.  What  was  the  origin  of  the  serfdom  of  the  Middle  Ages  ? 

13.  Is  there  any  justification  for  the  despotism  of  the  fourth  century? 

14.  How  did  Diocletian  sweep  away  the  last  vestige  of  the  work  of  Augustus  ? 

15.  What  two  defects  in  imperial  government  did  Diocletian  remedy?    What  was  the 
chief  evil  of  his  despotic  organization  of  the  government  ? 

16.  What  is  the  relation  of  the  administrative  reforms  of  Constantine  to  those  of  Dio- 
cletian ? 

17.  In  what  respect  may  Constantine  be  compared  to  Augustus  Caesar? 

1 8.  Picture  the  life  of  the  court  in  the  times  of  Diocletian  and  Constantine. 

19.  Describe  the  personality  of   Constantine  the  Great.    Give  two  reasons  for  his 
important  place  in  history. 

20.  Why  did  Constantine  make  Christianity  the  religion  of  the  court?    Why  may  we 
not  say  that  he  made  it  the  religion  of  the  empire  ? 

21.  Show  how  the  Christian  Church  was  organized  like  a  monarchy.    Can  you  account 
for  its  rapid  advance  in  this  period  ? 

22.  What  was  the  attitude  of  the  Christians  towards  the  pagan  learning?    What,  then, 
was  the  character  of  the  literature  of  this  period  ? 

23.  Explain:  coloni,  paganism,  heathenism,  diocese,  Labarum,  a  "great  tax-gathering 
and  barbarian-fighting  machine." 


Last  Century  of  the  Empire  in  the  West  (A.D.  376-476) 

I.  INVASIONS  OF  BARBARIANS. 

1.  The  Germans,  their  character  and  civilization. 

2.  The  Goths  cross  the  Danube  (A.D.  376). 

a.  Battle  of  Adrianople  ;  Valens. 

b.  Settlement  of  the  Goths  ;  Theodosius. 

3.  Alaric,  founder  of  the  first  Germanic  state  within  the  Empire. 

a.  First  invasion  of  Italy  (A.D.  402);   Stilicho. 

b.  Ransom  and  sack  of  Rome  (A.D.  409,  410). 

4.  Beginnings  of  "  Barbarian  Kingdoms." 

a.  Goths  in  Gaul  and  Spain. 

b.  Vandals  in  Spain  and  Africa. 

c.  Burgundians  and  Franks  in  Gaul. 

d.  Angles  and  Saxons  in  Britain. 

5.  Invasion  of  the  Huns  under  Attila. 

a.  Race  and  character  of  the  Huns. 

b.  Battle  of  Chalons  (A.D.  451);   Ae'tius. 

c.  Invasion  of  Italy ;  Bishop  Leo. 

6.  Sack  of  Rome  by  the  Vandals  (A.D.  455). 

II.  LAST  YEARS  OF  THE  EMPIRE  IN  THE  WEST. 

1.  Theodosius  the  Great  (A.D.  379-395),  last  emperor  of  the  East  and  West 

2.  Emperors  made  and  unmade  by  German  generals:   Ricimer,  Orestes. 
Odoacer  as  "  patrician  "  rules  Italy  subject  to  the  Eastern  emperor. 

3.  End  of  the  Roman  Empire  in  the  West  (A.D.  476). 

a.  Causes  for  the  fall  of  the  Empire. 

b.  Results  to  civilization. 

III.  CHRISTIANITY  TRIUMPHS  OVER  THE  EMPIRE. 

1.  Gratian  :  withdrawal  of  imperial  support  from  sacred  colleges. 

2.  Theodosius  :  pagan  worship  forbidden  (A.D.  392). 

3.  Influence  of  Christianity. 

a.  Bishop  Ambrose  and  Theodosius. 

b.  Last  gladiatorial  combat. 

c.  Strengthened  by  sack  of  Rome. 

4.  The  Roman  Church  succeeds  to  the  Roman  Empire. 


64 


Studies  on  the  Last  Century  of  the  Empire 

1.  What  were  the  two  vital  forces  in  the  life  of  the  fifth  century  A.D.  ? 

2.  Why  was  there  such  a  tremendous  upheaval  of  the  German  tribes  at  this  time  ? 

3.  Review  the  previous  invasions  of  the  barbarians,  showing  how  they  were  over- 
come. 

4.  What  was  the  fatal  mistake  of  the  emperor  Valens  ? 

5.  Write  a  paper  upon  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  Germans. 

6.  Why  may  we   say  that   "  the  hope  and  not  the  despair  of  the  world  lay  in  the 
Teuton  "  ? 

7.  Tell  the  story  of  the  life  of  Alaric  the  Goth. 

8.  When  was  the  last  triumph  celebrated  in  Rome  ?    How  many  in  all  had  Rome 
witnessed  ? 

9.  What  was  the  moral  effect  of  the  sack  of  Rome  ?    When  had  the  city  been  sacked 
before  ? 

10.  Lpcate  the  various  barbarian  kingdoms  set  up  within  the  empire  before  A.D.  450. 

11.  Account  for  the  weakness  of  the  Britons  in  the  face  of  the  German  conquest. 
Why  was  this  conquest  so  slow? 

12.  Imagine  Alaric  and  Attila  standing  side  by  side,  and  describe  their  appearance. 

13.  Which  one  of  the  decisive  battles  of  history  freed  Europe  from  the  Hunnish  peril  ? 
Who  were  the  Huns  ? 

14.  What  is  the  origin  of  the  word  "  vandalism  "  ?    Trace  the  history  of  "  the  seven- 
branched  golden  candlestick  "  as  far  as  you  can. 

15.  Why  is  the  year  of  the  death  of  Theodosius,  A.D.  395,  a  turning  point  in  history  ? 

1 6.  What  important  parts  do  two  women,  Placidia  and  Eudoxia,  play  in  the  Rome  of 
the  fifth  century  ? 

17.  Who  practically  ruled  the  Roman  Empire  in  the  West  for  the  last  quarter  of  a 
century  of  its  existence  ? 

18.  Would  the  expression  "the  fall. of  Rome"  have  had  any  meaning  to  the  people 
of  the  time  when  it  is  said  to  have  occurred  ? 

19.  Why  did  the  Eastern  Empire  have  greater  success  than  the  Western  in  warding 
off  the  barbarians  ? 

20.  How  did  Theodosius  win  the  title  "  Destroyer  of  Paganism  "  ? 

21.  Give  some  examples   of  the  power  of  the  Church  over  the  emperors  and  the 
empire  of  the  fifth  century. 

22.  Describe  the  incident  which  ended  gladiatorial  combats  in  Rome.    How  long 
had  they  been  a  favorite  amusement  ? 

23.  Tell  what  you  can  of  the  lives  of  St.  Augustine  and  John,  "  the  golden-mouthed." 

24.  What  event  marks  the  passing  of  imperial  power  from  Rome  ?    Who  "  succeeded 
to  the  throne  of  the  deposed  Augustus  "  ? 

25.  Summarize  the  causes  for  the  dissolution  of  the  Empire  in  the  West.    What  was 
the  effect  upon  the  political  condition  of  Europe  ? 


Transition  Age  (A.D.  476-800) 

I.  CONDITION  OF  EUROPE  IN  A.D.  476. 
II.   THE  BARBARIAN  KINGDOMS. 

1.  Italy. 

a.  Ostrogoths  (A.D.  493-554)  ;  Theodoric. 

b.  Lombards  (A.D.  568-774)  ;  the  "Iron  Crown." 

2.  Spain:   Visigoths  (A.D.  415-711). 

3.  Gaul. 

a.  Burgundians  (A.D.  443-534). . 

b.  Franks  (A.D.  486-752)  ;  Clovis  at  Soissons  (A.D.  486). 

4.  Britain :  the  Heptarchy. 

III.  THE  CHRISTIAN  CHURCH. 

1.  Conversion  of  the  barbarians. 

a.  Ulfilas,  St.  Augustine,  St.  Patrick,  St.  Boniface. 

b.  Character  of  the  converts. 

2.  Rise  of  Monasticism. 

a.  St.  Antony  and  St.  Benedict. 

b.  Service  of  the  monks  to  civilization. 

3.  Rise  of  the  Papacy. 

a.   Primacy  of  the  see  of  Rome. 
I).  Growth  of  temporal  power. 

IV.  FUSION  OF  LATIN  AND  TEUTON. 

1.  Formation  of  Romance  nations  and  tongues. 

2.  Barbarian  codes :  ordeals. 

3.  Influence  of  Roman  law  and  Latin  language. 

V.   ROMAN  EMPIRE  IN  THE  EAST  (A.D.  476-732). 

1.  Era  of  Justinian  (A.D.  527-565). 

a.  Imperial  restoration  ;  Belisarius. 

b.  The  "  Body  of  the  Civil  Law." 

2.  Service  of  the  Eastern  Empire  to  civilization. 
VI.   RISE  OF  ISLAM:  THE  HEGIRA  (A.D.  622). 

1.  The  Koran  and  its  teachings. 

2.  Conquests  of  the  caliphs  :   Tours  (A.D.  732). 

3.  Mohammedan  civilization. 

VII.  RESTORATION  OF  THE  EMPIRE  IN  THE  WEST. 

1.  Growth  of  the  Frankish  power:  Charles  Martel,  Pippin. 

2.  Charlemagne  (A.D.  765-814). 

a.  Military  campaigns  ;   defense  of  the  pope. 

b.  Crowned  emperor  and  Augustus  (Christmas  Day,  A.D.  800). 


Studies  on  the  Transition  Age :  Fusion  of  Roman  and  Teuton 

1.  Why  is  the  period  A.D.  400  to  800  called  "  The  Dark  Ages  "  ? 

2.  How  did  any  Roman  civilization  survive  the  barbarian  invasions  ? 

3.  In  what  condition  was  Europe  at  the  beginning  of  this  period  ?  at  the  end  ? 

4.  What  reign  does  Kingsley  say  was  "  the  birth  hour  of  modern  Italy  "  ? 

5.  Show  how  Theodoric  united  in  his  own  person  the  barbarian  conqueror  and  the 
Roman  statesman. 

6.  What  memorials  of  Theodoric  still  remain  in  Ravenna,  his  capital  ? 

7.  Why  did  the  Goths  perish  ?    What  kept  them  always  divided  and  weak  ? 

8.  What  was  the  fate  of  the  last  Roman  philosopher  ?    Who  was  the  last  good  his- 
torian of  the  ancient  world  ? 

9.  What  two  important  results  followed  the  settlement  of  the  Lombards  in  Italy  ? 

10.  Why  did  the  Kingdom  of  the  Franks  become  preeminent  among  the  German 
states  ? 

11.  In  what  two  ways  did  Clovis  increase  the  power  of  his  kingdom? 

12.  Why  was  Britain  the  only  one  of  the  Roman  provinces  seized  by  the  Germans  to 
become  a  truly  Teutonic  state  ? 

13.  Name  some  of  the  most  famous  missionaries  to  the  barbarians.     Relate  some 
incidents  of  the  conversion  of  Britain  to  Christianity. 

14.  What  reasons  does  Kingsley  give  for  the  rapid  spread  of  Monasticism  ?    What 
does  civilization  owe  to  the  monks  of  the  Dark  Ages  ? 

15.  What  were  the  causes  of  the  supremacy  of  the  bishops  of  Rome?    What  was  the 
effect  upon  Western  Europe  of  the  temporal  power  of  the  popes  ? 

1 6.  Name  the  Romance  languages  and  account  for  their  formation. 

17.  Which  was  the  first  German  kingdom  to  have  a  legal  code?    What  were  the 
characteristics  of  Teutonic  law  ?    By  what  was  it  modified  ? 

1 8.  Prove   that  "The  world   east   and  west  owes  much    to  the  Constantinople  of 
Justinian   and  his  successors." 

19.  What  race  held  imperial  power  in  the  person  of  Justinian  ?    In  what  respect  was 
he  most  fortunate  ? 

20.  Give  an  account  of  the  military  achievements  and  the  greater  peaceful  victories 
of  the  reign  of  Justinian.    What  wonderful  building  still  bears  witness  to  his 
power  ? 

21.  What  do  historians  consider  the  most  precious  legacy  of  Rome  to  the  world? 

22.  Account  for  the  rapid  sweep  of  Mohammedan  power  till  it  threatened  Europe. 

23.  Explain:    "The   repulses   at    Constantinople  and   Tours   rank  with   Marathon, 
Salamis,  Metaurus,  and  Chalons  in  the  long  struggle  between  Europe  and  Asia." 

24.  Indicate  on  an  outline  map  the  extent  of  the  Frankish  kingdom  in  the  seventh 
century.    What  were  its  only  rivals  ? 

25.  How  can  Charlemagne  be  said  to  have  completed  the  work  of  Caesar  and  Augustus  ? 

26.  Describe  the  event  which  marks  the  beginning  of  modern  history. 


,^/v 


Review  Studies  on  Roman  History 

1.  Trace  the  territorial  growth  of  Rome  from  Roma  Quadrata  to  the  empire  at  its 
greatest  extent  under  Trajan. 

2.  Trace  Roman  constitutional  development  to  the  time  of  Constantine. 

3.  What  turning  points  in  Roman  history  do  these  dates  mark :   509  B.C.,  264  B.C., 

201    B.C.,   31    B.C.,  A.D.    l8o,  A.D.    284,  A.D.   395,  A.D.   476? 

4.  Who  have  been  called  the  three  founders  of  Rome  ?    Who  was  "  the  shield  of 
Rome  "  ?  "  the  sword  of  Rome  "  ?  "  the  Father  of  his  Country  "  ? 

5.  Which  three  of  their  enemies  did  the  Romans  most  respect  and  dread  ? 

6.  Explain  how  Spain  and  Gaul  became  "more  Roman  than  Rome  itself." 

7.  Was  the  East  Romanized  when  it  was  conquered  ? 

8.  Publius  Cornelius  Scipio  /Emilianus  Africanus   Numantinus :    account  for  his 
possession  of  each  of  these  names. 

9.  When  did  the  Roman  world  discover  that  the  S.  P.  Q.  R.  were  no  longer  compe- 
tent to  govern  it  ? 

10.  What  principle  of  government  never  discovered  by  the  Romans  might  have  been 
the  salvation  of  Roman  power  ? 

11.  Characterize  each  of  the  five  centuries  of  the  Empire  in  the  West. 

12.  From  what  event  did  the  Romans  reckon  their  chronology?    Change  into  years 
A.  U.  C.:  494  B.C.,  49  B.C.,  A.D.  14,  A.D.  800. 

13.  From  whom  did  the  Romans  receive  the  foundations  of  their  civilization  ? 

14.  Write  a  summary  of  Roman  and  Teutonic  contributions  to  civilization. 

15.  What  Roman  influences  can  be  traced  in  the  civilization  of  to-day  ? 

1 6.  Make  a  list  of  the  greatest  monuments  of  Roman  greatness  which  remain. 

17.  Describe  a  Roman  school.    What  subjects  were  taught,  and  how  were  the  boys 
disciplined  ? 

18.  Give  an  account  of  the  festivities  which  marked  a  boy's  coming  of  age. 

19.  How  did  the  dress  of  the  Romans  differ  from  ours? 

20.  Under  what  circumstances  was  the  culture  of  silk  introduced  into  Europe  ? 

21.  What  great  difference  do  you  find  in  the  position  of  women  in  Greek  and  in 
Roman  life  ? 

22.  For  which  century  in  Roman  history  can  you  make  the  longest  list  of  great  men  ? 

23.  "It  was  at  first  my  wish  to  destroy  the  Roman  name,  —  but  I  chose  the  glory 
of  renewing  and  maintaining  by  Gothic  strength  the  fame  of  Rome,  desiring  to 
go  down  to  posterity  as  the  restorer  of  that  Roman  power  which  it  was  beyond 
my  power  to  replace."    What  testimony  do  these  words  of  Ataulf  bear  to  the 
influence  of  Rome  upon  her  conquerors  ? 

24.  Which  is  better  for  a  nation,  a  bad  constitution  and  good  men  to  work  it,  or  a 
good  constitution  and  bad  men  ?    Prove  by  historical  examples. 


68 


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